Important Health-Related English Vocabulary

Learning to express yourself in English when talking about your health can be difficult. While you dont need to understand the more technical, scientific, or medical language doctors and other healthcare providers use, it is helpful to know basic health-related vocabulary. This page provides some of the most common English  vocabulary used to talk about health and healthcare. Youll find important categories with an example sentence to help show context for each word provided in this vocabulary overview.   Illnesses Ache - The ache is getting worse. What should I do?Earache - Ive got a horrible ear ache today.Headache - I woke up with a pounding headache this morning.Stomach ache - Dont eat too much chocolate or youll get a stomach ache.Toothache - Go to the dentist for your toothache.Cancer - Cancer seems to be the plague of modern life.Cold - People sometimes work if theyve only got a cold.Cough - He has a strong cough. He should take some cough syrup.Flu - Its common to feel aches and pains, as well as have a slight fever when youve got the flu.Heart attack - A heart attack doesnt need to be fatal in modern times.Heart disease - Heart disease affects a lot of families.  Infection - Make sure to clean the wound so you dont get an infectionInfectious disease - She caught an infectious disease at school.Pain - Where do you feel the pain?Virus - There is a virus going around at work. Take lots of vitamins. Minor Injuries Bruise - I have this bruise from hitting myself with a door!Cut - Put a bandage on your cut.Graze - Thats just a graze. Its nothing serious.Wound - That wound needs to be treated by a doctor. Go to the emergency room. Medical Treatment Bandage - Use this bandage to stop the bleeding.Check-up - I have a check-up next month.  Dose (of medicine) - Make sure to take your dose of medicine at ten oclock.Drugs - The doctor can prescribe drugs if necessary.  Injection - Some medicine is given by injection.Medicine - Regularly take the medicine and you should have no problems.Operation - Ron has a serious operation on Friday.  Pain-killer - Opiates are a type of pain-killer that can be very addictive.  Pill - Take one pill before you go to bed.Tablet - Take one tablet with each meal.Tranquilizer - This tranquilizer will calm your nerves so you can rest. People in Healthcare Dentist - The dentist gave me a check-up and cleaned my teeth.Doctor - The doctor can see you now.General Practitioner - Most families have a general practitioner to help them with most needs.  Midwife - Many women choose to have a midwife help with the birth of their baby.  Nurse - The nurse will come in to check on you every hour.Patient - The patient has a broken rib and nose.Specialist - The specialist was excellent but extremely expensive.  Surgeon - Surgeons need to have nerves of steel as they cut into the flesh during an operation. Places in Healthcare Hospital - Ill meet you at the hospital and we can stop in to see Peter whos recovering from surgery.Operating Room - The surgeon entered the operating​ room and began the operationWaiting Room - You can sit in the waiting room until hes finished.Ward - Mr. Smith is in the ward at the end of the hall. Health-Related Verbs Catch - Most people catch a cold from time to time.Cure - It took the doctor six months to cure the illness.Heal - A wound can take a long time to heal.Hurt - The boy hurt his ankle playing basketball.Injure - I injured myself climbing a tree!Operate on - The surgeon will operate on the patient at three oclock.Prescribe - The doctor prescribed an antibiotic to help the wound heal.Treat - Well treat anyone who has a health issue. Health-Related Adjectives Fit - Hes a fit young man. He shouldnt be worried.Ill - Unfortunately, she looks ill today.Sick - Do you feel sick?Healthy - Eat healthy food and get regular exercise.  Unhealthy - Eating fatty foods and lots of sweets is very unhealthy.Painful - The painful arm was held in a cast.Unwell - Many students are feeling unwell.Well - I hope you get well soon.

Causes and Effects of Capital Punishment Essay - 1922 Words

Capital punishment, or otherwise known as the death penalty, is death sentenced upon a person by the state as a punishment for a crime. These crimes are known as capital crimes or capital offenses. Capital punishment has been practiced in many societies; now 58 nations practice the death penalty, while 97 nations have abolished it. In the past, it was common for the ruling party to make the offender known throughout the community for his or her criminal act. Thus, if the community were made aware of the consequences for breaking the laws, the crime rate would reduce. Such criminal penalties included: boiling to death, disembowelment, crucifixion and many more. As time went on the movement towards more humane treatments took hold. In the†¦show more content†¦Since I have watched many movies and TV shows that involve death row inmates, I figured that through this essay I would be able to gain a solid understanding of this issue in today’s society. I began my research by trying to answer the question, â€Å"How does capital punishment affect society today?† I then realized that this question was too broad and then decided to break it up into three issues. Does capital punishment deter murder, does it go against human rights, thus making us uncivil, and does it led to the wrongful executions of innocent persons. All of these issues are important but to write an effective essay I would have to choose one of these issues. I believe that my sources are efficient at clearly stating the issue at hand and bringing forth an unbiased viewpoint. My sources provide an understanding of the issue â€Å"Does capital punishment deter murder?†. In order for someone to answer this question, he or she would have to at least comprehend the different sides of the issue. The three sides or perspectives that I believe would help include: yes - capital punishment deters murder rates, no – capital punishment doesn’t deter murder rates, and no à ¢â‚¬â€œ capital punishment encourages the taking of life. I believe that these questions will be able to better educate anyone who is unfamiliar with capital punishment and the effects it has on society. Since this topic is so widely debated across the world, there will be many different viewpoints but only three willShow MoreRelatedArguing Against Capital Punishment1591 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate over capital punishment, the opponents argue that capital punishment should not be practiced because it has a civilizing effect and practicing capital punishment has do deterrent effect. On the other side of the debate, the supporters argue that capital punishment should not be abolished because it is just retribution and has a deterrent effect. In this paper, I will argue that capital punishment should not be practiced. In the article titled, â€Å"The Folly of Capital Punishment,† Jeffrey ReimanRead MoreContemporary Political Statement1241 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch design. For example, the topic capital punishment and its relationship with age are designed to discover whether age correlates with electing harsh punishments for crimes. The preliminary hypothesis that aged people are more likely to support capital punishment than the younger generation is crucial to defining the relationship between variables. That is, the independent variable age affects the dependent variable the support for capital punishment. In this way, the conclusiveness of theRead MoreThe Canadian Justice System And Capital Punishment1713 Words   |  7 Pagesjustice system in its views on capital punishment. Two men, Arthur Lucas, and Ronald Turpin was to be executed in Canada for committing crimes. Both had been accused of committing murder, Lucas for killing an officer while fleeing a robbery and Turpin for murdering an undercover narcotics officer. Both were hanged back to back at midnight and buried side by side with no marking on their graves. Lucas and Turpin were the last to be executed under capital punishment and since then Canada has stoppedRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment1483 Words   |  6 Pages Capital Punishment Capital punishment is a very controversial subject in today’s world. People should think about what will happen to them if they commit a crime, and the consequences that will follow the crime. Society has enough problems to deal with without people committing crimes, Therefore capital punishment is desperately needed. Above all else, it costs too much of hard working taxpayers’ dollars to send someone to prison. It costs a large amount of money each year to keep a person inRead MorePersuasive Essay for Pro Capital Punishment1283 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Capital Punishment Should Remain in Effect Stefanie Ridgway DeVry University, ENGL 112 Professor Adams April 19, 2010 Capital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been effective tool in our country’s justice system since its inception. When an inmate is given this, the harshest sentence available, it is always with just cause. Capital Punishment is an important tool in our criminal justice system today and there are several reasons it should remain in effect. Read MoreCapital Punishment Results in a Better Society Essay795 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Results in a Better Society When it comes to capital punishment most people think of the death penalty. I dont think people realize how many papers, books, and controversies there is over this topic. One of the many questions that arise when people think about capital punishment is how it affects crime, and more importantly, if we use the death penalty more effectively, it not only becomes a deterrent to crime, but also brings about a better society. When we use theRead MoreShould Capital Punishment Be Allowed?1376 Words   |  6 Pagesforty-years, 1,421 executions have been conducted by thirty-one states and the federal government under the capital punishment sentence (â€Å"Facts About the Death Penalty†). Throughout those years however, controversial opinions have aroused on whether the capital punishment should be permitted, its success on reflecting a deterrent effect, and even its morality. Although it is often argued that Capital punishment is appropriate when the crime reaches an egregious extent, the revocation of constitutional securitiesRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Effect On Society1425 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment has been a topic of debate since it was reinstated in 1976. Some say that in a free society, capital punishment is an unnecessary form of cruel and unusual punishment in violation of our constitution. Others claim that capital punishment serves the primary purpose of deterring cri me and punishing society’s most homicidal offenders. The biggest question when it comes to capital punishment is, is it worth it? Does Capital punishment have a deterrent effect on society? Or does itRead MoreA Summary On Capital Punishment1345 Words   |  6 PagesSean Starosta Mr. Cobb American Literature May 26, 2015 Capital Punishment In 1939 Joe Arridy was convicted and executed for the 1936 rape and murder of a Pueblo Colorado schoolgirl despite serious doubts over his competence and guilt. Fast forward seventy two years and capital punishment is at its lowest rate in years, murder rates are at some of the lowest levels on record (Johnson). and Colorado governor Bill Ritter grants Arridy an unconditional pardon based on an â€Å"overwhelming body of evidence†Read MoreCapital Panishment1230 Words   |  5 PagesCapital punishment became a controversial issue lately, and it is a big debate in the world. The debate of capital punishment has two sides: the people who argue in favour of capital punishment and the people who argue against capital punishment. The most compelling arguments against capital punishment can be made on the basis of it doesn’t reduce crime, risks executions of innocent people, inflicted disproportionately on the poor and targeting people of colour (racist), persons who commi t vicious

Reviews Related To Perineal Hygiene Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(33) " 2005 and questionnaire on 2005\." The undertaking of reexamining the literature involves the designation, choice, critical analysis and coverage of bing information on subject of involvement. Hence the research worker intended to reexamine the literature available on self attention patterns utilizing both research and non-research stuffs. Singh C ; et Al ( 2010 ) conducted a survey to place the factors associated with enteric parasitosis in rural and urban school kids from 5-14 old ages of age in Kashmir. We will write a custom essay sample on Reviews Related To Perineal Hygiene Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personal hygiene was assessed by length of nails, hair, and frequence of bathing. Out of 274 stool samples from rural and 240 samples from urban 214 ( 46.7 % ) pupils had parasitosis. There was higher prevalence of parasitosis among rural orphanhood kids compared to urban orphanhood pupils ( 76 % Vs 48 % P lt ; or =0.05 ) .highest prevalence of 70 % was seen in the age group of 8-11 old ages 202 pupils were found to hold hapless personal hygiene and parasitosis was higher in them compared to pupils with good personal hygiene ( p lt ; 0.05 ) . Mpyel C ; et Al ( 2010 ) conducted a survey to find the personal hazard factor associated with trachoma in pre-school kids in Nigeria. Out of 639 kids from 27 small towns were examined. The prevalence of active trachoma was 35.7 % . The presence of flies on the face is independent hazard factor for trachoma. Education on personal hygiene needed to be emphasized with facial cleanliness. Dambhare DG ; et Al ( 2010 ) conducted a cross sectional survey to find prevalence of enteric parasitic infections and its epidemiological correlatives among rural Indian school traveling kids and to happen out the consequence of hygiene instruction on personal hygiene of school kids at Maharashtra, cardinal India. Out of 172 pupils prevalence of enteric parasite infection was 7.76 % . Prevalence was high among those holding hapless manus rinsing pattern ( CI-1.30 ) dirty or uncut nails ( CI0.56 ) . One month after hygiene instruction, there was important alteration in the cardinal personal hygiene behaviour ( p lt ; 0.05 ) .The proportion of kids holding pattern of manus rinsing with soap after laxation significantly improved. Health instruction on personal hygiene to the school kids was effectual for behavior alteration. Biran A ( 2009 ) conducted a survey to look into the effectivity of hygiene publicity intercession in rural India based on germ consciousness in increasing manus rinsing with soap on cardinal occasions. Hand rinsing was assessed through structured observation on a randomised sample of 30 family per small town. The intercession proved scalable and effectual in raising hygiene consciousness. SECTION-B: REVIEWS RELATED TO HAIR WASH. Sims ; et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted a survey to look into socio economic and personal factors act uponing caput louse infestation from 17 primary school, in Korea. The rate of caput louse infestation was significantly lower in kids who lived together with female parent or in a household. Head louse infestation was higher in kids who washed their caput less frequently.Improvement of socio economic factors and personal hygiene will be helpful for cut downing caput louse infestation. Al-Maktari MT ( 2008 ) conducted a survey to measure the prevalence and human hazard factors associated with caput lice infestation among school kids in Yemen. Out of 860 kids between 6-14 old ages of age 114 kids ( 13.3 % ) were infested with caput lice. Highest infestation was recorded in rural countries ( 20.5 % ) consequences indicated that rural abode, sex, long hair, age group 6-8 old ages, sharing of beds combs, uneducated household, overcrowding were risk factors for the caput lice infestation. Aselik oz ( 2006 ) conducted a survey to look into prevalence of lousiness in the state side of Turkey. The presence of lousiness species was investigated in 178 pupils with an age scope of 6-14 old ages. Head lice seen in 17 positive instances were in the first class. Since personal hygiene is non good developed in this age group. SECTION-C: REVIEWS RELATED TO BRUSHING Kilpatrick NM ( 2012 ) conducted a longitudinal survey of Australian kids to research association between unwritten wellness and four indexs of societal disadvantages: socio economic place ( SEP ) , residential farness, autochthonal position, non-English speech production background. Consequences revealed that lower SEP and autochthonal position were associated with higher odds of hapless unwritten wellness, less accessible location associated with increased cavities experiences and non usage of dental services. Martgnon ; et Al ( 2012 ) conducted a survey to measure unwritten hygiene cognition, attitude and patterns of school kids utilizing picture recorded session and questionnaire at school in Columbia. Out of 146 kids average entire tooth brushing clip was 115 sec. Most kids brushed their maxillary ( 97 % ) , inframaxillary ( 95 % ) , anterior ( 96 % ) and posterior ( 81 % ) .72 % rinsed their teeth.92 % were confident that tooth brushing Sessionss were effectual. Questionnaire revealed merely 34 % is supervised by an grownup and merely 30 % brushed twice a twenty-four hours. Molina ; et Al ( 2012 ) conducted a cross sectional survey of 111 kids go toing simple school in Mexico to measure prevalence of flourosis and dental cavities utilizing methods recommended by WHO. Results revealed flurosis prevalence 52.73 % , cavities prevalence 53.2 % . Dental cavities was associated with frequence of brushing, brushing before kiping and application of fluoride. Yekaninejad MS ( 2012 ) conducted a survey to find the consequence of a school based unwritten wellness instruction plan on Persian children.392 school kids in 6 schools participated. Schools were indiscriminately allocated into 3 groups: comprehensive, pupil and control group. Intervention in comprehensive group consisted of encouraging kids, parents and school staff to increase frequence of brushing and flossing. In the pupil group intercession targeted merely kids. Control group received no intercession. Results revealed alteration in unwritten wellness behaviour, unwritten hygiene and alteration in periodontic indices. Brushing and flossing significantly improved in comprehensive group. Promising consequences were seen when instruction marks both school and place scene. Hietasalo P ( 2005 ) conducted a randomised clinical test to find kids ‘s unwritten wellness related cognition, attitude and belief as forecasters of success in dental cavities control among 493 kids of 11-12 year of age in Finland. Data was based on clinical scrutiny of 2001, 2005 and questionnaire on 2005. You read "Reviews Related To Perineal Hygiene Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples"Results revealed concern about acquiring decay in one ‘s dentition was associated with cavities increment. Less concerned kid was with new cavities lesion and pits. Children who knew whether their female parent had pits was more likely to command pits than who did non cognize. SECTION-D: REVIEWS RELATED TO HAND WASH Schmidt WP ; et Al ( 2009 ) conducted a cross sectional survey to study in 800 family in Kenya to research cultural restraints that limit better hygiene. A sum of 5182 critical chances for manus rinsing were observed.Results revealed that 25 % washed custodies with soap.32 % adept manus rinsing after faecal taint. There was strong association with media exposure and hygiene publicity. Curtis VA ; et Al ( 2009 ) reviewed the consequences of formative research surveies from 11 states to understand actuating factors in manus washing.17 % of kid attention takers washed custodies with soap after the lavatory. Hand rinsing were non inculcated at an early age. Key motives for manus rinsing were disgust, raising, comfort and association. `Plans ‘ affecting manus rinsing included to better wellness to learn kids good manners. Lopez-Quientro degree Celsius ; et Al ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on manus rinsing behaviour and intercessions among school kids, Columbia. From 2042students of 6th to 8th class pupils in 25 schools 33.6 % of them ever washed, custodies with soap and clean H2O before feeding and after utilizing toilet.7 % of pupils reported regular entree to lather and clean H2O. Students with proper manus rinsing behaviour were less likely to describe old month GI symptoms. Izadi S ; et Al ( 2006 ) , conducted a survey to find epidemiological of cholera outbreak epidemiological of cholera eruption in Iran. In the instance control survey 90 instances were positive for vibrio cholera. Hazard factors cholera were no manus rinsing with soap after lavatory usage ( CI: 2.63 ) no manus rinsing with soap before repasts ( CI: 1.03 ) illiteracy ( CI: 2.63 ) . Development of primary wellness attention can better conditions that control spread of epidemic. Zerr DM ; et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey to measure the effectivity of manus hygiene in forestalling infirmary associated rotavirus infection in kids ‘s infirmary in USA. After the manus hygiene plan the overall manus hygiene conformity improved from 62 % to 81 % ( p lt ; 0.001 ) . The rate of infirmary associated rota virus infection decreased from 5.9 episodes per 1000 discharged patients to 2.2 episodes ( p= 0.01 ) Yalasin SS ; et Al ( 2004 ) conducted a survey to measure how and when school pupils washed their custodies and to observe conditions affect manus rinsing with likert graduated table in Turkey. Out of 1074 pupils 42.4 % had proper basic manus wash. Female sex life at place, high cognition degree and urban school were associated with high proper basic manus wash. Lessons on manus lavation and catching disease should be given. SECTION-E: REVIEWS RELATED TO BATHING Mohammed AL ( 2010 ) conducted a cross sectional survey to measure the related factors of caput lice infestation in school kids at Jordan. Out of 394 schools 1550 kids were screened. 412 ( 26.6 % ) were infected with lice, consequence showed important confirmation in caput lice by factors such as frequence of hair rinsing per hebdomad, and bathing per hebdomad. Bettering personal hygiene might significantly cut down lousiness capitis in school kids at Jordan. Albashtawg M ; et Al ( 2010 ) conducted a cross sectional survey to measure the prevalence of lousiness capitis and hazard factors for infestation. Among 1550 primary school kids prevalence of lousiness capitis was 26.6 % . Frequency of hair lavation, bathing and sharing of articles were significantly associated with infestation ( p lt ; 0.001 ) . Plans are needed to increase consciousness of lousiness capitis and importance of good personal hygiene. Egimol RI ; et Al ( 2008 ) conducted a survey to measure effects of intercessions to advance manus rinsing on diarrheal episodes in kids and grownups. Eight tests were establishment based, five were community based and one was in a high hazard group. Intervention advancing manus rinsing resulted in a 29 % decrease in diarrheal episodes in establishments in high income states and 31 % decrease in episodes in low or in-between income states. Hand rinsing can cut down diarrhea episode significantly. Wagbatsome VA ; et Al ( 2008 ) conducted a cross sectional descriptive survey to measure the consequence of hygienic patterns on enteric helminthes load of primary school kids in Nigeria. Out of 384 participants 77 ( 21.1 % ) of students were infected with one or more helminthes ova. students in public school were more septic 74 ( 30.8 % ) than those in private schools 5 ( 3.8 % ) . Regular manus rinsing with soap reduced the prevalence of heliminthiasis. Wahl E ; et Al ( 2007 ) studied the eruption of Giardia in Norway in 23 kid attention centres. Out of 12 verified instances 9 had clinical stomach flu. Stool samples were collected from all kids 44 % were infected. Washing custodies after lavatory and before nutrient were possibilities identified. Karim SA ; et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a community based survey among kids from 6 residential Islamic instruction institutes in Dhaka to measure the personal hygiene of kids among 492 kids. Among them 55.1 % of their male parents had low paid laboring occupations, 99 % of kids ‘s female parents were house married womans 98 % of kids had itchs. They had hapless personal hygiene: bathed infrequently. Disease badness and re-infections were associated with infrequent lavation of apparels, overcrowding, infrequent bathing ( p lt ; 0.001 ) with soap ( P lt ; 0.001 ) Immediate attending should be given to battle itchs and to salvage 1000s of kids from impending complications. SECTION-F: REVIEWS RELATED TO PERINEAL HYGIENE Vivas AP ; et Al ( 2010 ) conducted a survey to measure the Knowledge, attitudes and patterns ( KAP ) of hygiene among school kids in Ethiopia, Among 669 pupils. Consequences showed Approximately 52 % of pupils were classified as holding equal cognition of proper hygiene. Most pupils reported manus rinsing before repasts ( 99.0 % ) , but merely 36.2 % reported utilizing soap. Although 76.7 % of pupils reported that rinsing custodies after laxation was of import, merely 14.8 % reported really following this pattern. Students with equal cognition of proper hygiene were more likely to hold clean apparels ( AOR 1.62, CI 1.14-2.29 ) and to hold a lower hazard of parasitic infection Mc mohan ; etal ( 2009 ) conducted a survey to measure anal cleaning patterns and fecal taint in schools in rural Kenya. Six focal point group treatments were held with male childs and misss ages 12-15 in three rural schools. Consequences revealed that Anal cleansing behavior is linked with entree to stuffs, age, societal force per unit area, perceived personal hazard of unwellness and emotional factors. Materials used for anal cleaning include schoolbook paper, leaves, grasses, rocks, corn cob and one ‘s ain custodies. Students have knowledge spreads in footings of perineal hygiene. Almost no schools budgeted for or provided anal cleaning stuffs on a regular basis. Betancour AB, Amel LA ( 2007 ) conducted a epidemiological study among 883 pupils from 5 to 6 old ages of simple instruction in Argentina to happen out the hazard factors for e-coli infections in school kids. Merely 30.2 % of pupils washed their custodies after traveling to the lavatory and merely 43.5 % reported manus rinsing before eating. Institutional model must supply necessary resource to implement alteration and stress the importance of personal hygiene. SECTION-G: REVIEWS RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OF Educational PROGRAM ON SELF CARE. Patel MK ; et Al ( 2012 ) conducted a survey to measure effectivity of intercession on hygiene patterns in rural Kenya, under Centre for Disease Control, baseline information from 42 schools were collected. Comparison of consequence of the betterment in proper manus rinsing technique after the school plan was introduced. Consequences revealed lessening in the average per centum of pupils of pupils with acute respiratory unwellness among those exposure to the plan on hygiene patterns. Lang MC ( 2012 ) conducted a survey to measure the evidence-based hygiene public wellness enterprise in simple schools of Ghana.All 4 take parting schools gained the necessary resources to transport out proper manus hygiene pattern. Furthermore students were more likely to rinse custodies after utilizing lavatories singular result is that school kids were the inductions of a behavior alteration in their community. Anderson ME, et Al ; ( 2012 ) conducted a survey to measure the effectivity of manus hygiene patterns and the impact of manus hygiene intercessions. Hand hygiene conformity was 58 % ( 340/583 ) .Verbal manus hygiene reminders had important positive association with manus hygiene conformity. Findingss suggest that active, instead than inactive intercessions are more effectual for increasing conformity. Schulte JM ; et Al ( 2012 ) presented the probe of eruption of gastro-intestinal unwellness in Texas 10 % of pupils in the school edifice were sick and 15 families had secondary instances. Installing liquid soap in pupils ‘ room was initial control step followed by sustained establishment in manus rinsing scheduled manus rinsing times and supervising cleansing processs. Enhanced surveillance detected no new instances in the school territory. Holyogke D ( 2010 ) provinces in his article â€Å" commanding hapless manus hygiene to better manus rinsing † on how a group of 3rd twelvemonth Child wellness nursing pupils at university of wolver Hampton examined the manner they perceived manus rinsing. During 3 twenty-four hours workshop pupils moved from sing manus rinsing as a simple act of hygiene to seeing it as a societal behaviour. Zacharia S ; et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a cross sectional survey in Kerala, India to measure sustainability of changed hygiene behaviour after hygiene publicity intercession in places. Good manus lavation was reported in more than half of intercession country. but lt ; 10 % in control country. Participating in hygiene publicity categories were significantly associated with good hygiene. ( OR 2.04, CI 1.05-3.96 ) .Hygiene publicity is a cost effectual intercession. How to cite Reviews Related To Perineal Hygiene Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Parachute Failure Resulting in Traumatic Injury

Question: Discuss about the Parachute Failure Resulting in Traumatic Injury. Answer: Introduction: In the assignment, the chosen activity parachuting falls under the leisure category. The hotel and tourism industry guide the trajectory of the sport. The sport can be performed in the mountainous tracks. The Gibraltar hills of New South Wales and Oaky hills of Canberra are the best places for parachuting activity. These regions have wonderful hotel facilities that give accommodation to the tourist lovers. The enthusiastic tourists seek pleasure from parachuting or skydiving in the hilly areas. The mountainous tracks offer a breath-taking view to the zealous wanderlust people. The parachuting is an enthralling pursuit in the heyday of March. Parachuting is conducted as recreational activity. Parachuting is an indulgent sport that involves many sport enthusiasts. It is greatly deemed an extreme sport because of the risk. The parachuting activity entails severe risks. Modern military uses parachuting for the dispersal of airborne forces and supplies. The special operation forces utilize the special technique of parachuting, particularly free-fall parachuting. The free-falling parachuting is worked as a method of insertion. The forest firefighters, regarded as smokejumpers in the United States employ parachuting as a medium of insertion (Hardie-Bick and Bonner 2016). At the other end of the spectrum, the enthusiastic tourists can experiment with parachuting or skydiving. The interesting games such as parachute volleyball, the canopy, parachute tag and parachute rum. In the hilly areas, the parachute activity comes in various moulds and hues. The youngsters are awed by the grandiose of the sport (Gimbert and Sawyer 2015). Despite being a competitive sport, parachuting enthralls the tourists and infuses a new lease of hope in them. The activity fascinates the wanders to the hilt and gives a stimulating platform to them. Detailed task analysis Despite being an interesting sport, the parachuting entails severe risks. Therefore, the wanderlust people should consider a few things before jumping into the adventure. In spite of being a competitive sport, fatalities are not exponentially high. In the US and in other parts of the western world, skydivers should carry two parachutes. The reserve parachute should be inspected on a regular basis. Many skydivers utilize an automatic activation device (ADD), which helps to open the reserve parachute at a maintained altitude. Based on the country, ADDs are useful for new jumpers. It is indispensable for all the jumpers to access that device. Otherwise, the activity executes risky determinants. At the same time, the skydivers wear visual altimeters that are attached to their helmets (Cloutier et al. 2015). Swooping is the propelled train of floating at fast parallel to the ground amid landing. Changing wind conditions are another hazard symbol. In states of solid winds, and turbulence the parachutist get trapped in downdrafts near the ground. Moving winds can bring about a crosswind or downwind landing, which have a higher potential for harm because of the wind speed adding to the arrival speed (Bleier et al. 2015). Another hazard component is that of "overhang impacts", or crashes between at least two skydivers under completely expanded parachutes. Shade impacts can bring about the jumpers' expanded parachutes to snare with each other, regularly bringing about a sudden crumple (collapse) of at least one of the included parachutes. At the point when this happens, the jumpers regularly should rapidly perform crisis strategies (if there is adequate elevation to do as such) to "remove" (cast off) from their fundamental coverings and send their hold overhangs. Overhang impacts are especial ly risky when happening at elevations too low to permit the jumpers satisfactory time to securely discard their fundamental parachutes and completely send their save parachutes (Tsao 2015). Hazard and Risks Because of the risky way of skydiving, the best of safety measures are taken to abstain from parachuting wounds and demise. The greater part of parachute wounds happen after landing (around 85%). Therefore, it is important to emphasize the ground training, as it highlights the parachute-landing fall (PLF). The parachute landing fall tries to arrange the body as to uniformly scatter the effect through flexion of a few substantial, protecting muscles, (for example, the average gastronomies, tibialis front, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus ), instead of individual bones, ligaments, and tendons which break and tear the tissues asunder. Parachutists arrive with the perilous measures of active vitality. Consequently, inappropriate arrivals are the reason for over 30% of all skydiving related wounds and deaths (Mills 2017). The wounds occurred amid parachute landing are brought about when a solitary outstretched appendage, for example, a hand or foot, is a mplified independently from whatever remains of the body, making it manage strengths disproportional to the bolster structures inside (Klimek and AtKisson 2016). This inclination is shown in the accompanying graph, which demonstrates the fundamentally higher extent of wrist and lower leg wounds among the 186 harmed in an 110,000-parachute bounce examine: Because of the semblance of breaks (usually happening on the tibia and the lower leg mortise), it is prescribed that parachutists should wear steady footwear. Supportive footwear averts internal and outward lower leg rolling, permitting the PLF to securely exchange affect vitality through the genuine lower leg joint, and disperse it by means of the average gastronomies and tibialis foremost muscles. Parachuting in poor climate, particularly with electrical storms, high winds, and clean fallen angels can be a hazardous action. Famous drop zones will suspend ordinary operations amid harsh climate. In the United States, the USPA's Basic Safety Requirements preclude solo skydivers from bouncing in winds. It surpasses 14 mph while utilizing ram-air hardware. The greatest ground winds are boundless for authorized skydivers. A crash with another shelter is a factual peril, and might be averted by watching pragmatic standards, including knowing upper wind speeds, the quantity of gathering individuals and leave bunches, and having adequate leave detachment between jumpers. In 2013, 17% of all skydiving fatalities in the United States came about because of mid-air collisions (Boels et al. 2016). Visibility As parachuting is an aeronautics action under the visual flight rules, it is largely illicit to bounce in or through mists, as per the pertinent principles representing the airspace. For example, FAR105 in the US or Faldskrmsbestemmelser (Parachuting Ordinances) in Denmark sets an example. Jumpers and pilots of the dropping flying machine likewise bear obligation of taking after the other VFR elements, specifically guaranteeing that the air movement right now of hop does not make a danger (Boels et al. 2016). Reference Bleier, M., Settele, F., Krauss, M., Knoll, A. and Schilling, K., 2015. Risk Assessment of Flight Paths for Automatic Emergency Parachute Deployment in UAVs.IFAC-PapersOnLine,48(9), pp.180-185. Boels, D., Grall-Bronnec, M., Guerlais, M., Le Roux, G., Spiers, A., Gerardin, M., Lomenech, H., Bretaudeau-Deguigne, M., Daveluy, A., Turcant, A. and Jolliet, P., 2016. Parachuting: a dangerous trend in recreational psychoactive substance delivery.Expert opinion on drug delivery, pp.1-8. Cloutier, C., Locat, J., Mayers, M., Nol, F., Turmel, D., Jacob, C., Dorval, P., Boss, F., Gionet, P. and Jaboyedoff, M., 2015. An integrated management tool for rockfall evaluation along transportation corridors: description and objectives of the ParaChute research project.GEOQubec 2015. Gimbert, T.L. and Sawyer, T.H., 2015. Proper Supervision: Parachute Activities in Physical Education Class: Editor: Thomas H. Sawyer.Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,86(3), pp.49-50. Hardie-Bick, J. and Bonner, P., 2016. Experiencing flow, enjoyment and risk in skydiving and climbing.Ethnography,17(3), pp.369-387. Klimek, A. and AtKisson, A., 2016.Parachuting Cats into Borneo: And Other Lessons from the Change Caf. Chelsea Green Publishing. Mills, T.J., 2017. Skydiving Injuries. InExtreme Sports Medicine(pp. 197-208). Springer International Publishing. Tsao, R., 2015. Double Parachute Failure Resulting In Traumatic Injury Of The Arm And Shoulder-Skydiving: 601 May 27, 1: 40 PM-2: 00 PM.Medicine Science in Sports Exercise,47(5S), pp.150-151.

American Involvement In The Cuban Revolution Essays -

American Involvement in the Cuban Revolution The revolution in Cuba was not a result of economic deprivation, nor because of high expectations in the economy, it was the political factors and expectations which evoked the civilians to revolt. The Cuban economy was moving forward at the time before the rebellion but the dominant influence of the sugar industry made the economy "assymetrical" and encouraged no "dynamic industrial sector". Because of the dependance on sugar, the unemployment rate ranged between 16 and 20% rising and falling with sugar prices, ebbing and flowing as the season changed. The rural wage levels were incredibly unsteady and unpredictable; the standard of living was low. Dependance on the sugar industry did not retard the economy of Cuba, just the wages of its workers. It was the leaders of the nation who reaped profit from this dependance, and it was the leaders of the nation who insisted on keeping the nation the way it was. By the mid 1950's, however, the middle class had expanded to 33% of the population. Democracy, as we know it, broke down: the large middle class did not assert democratic leadership, there was no social militancy in the working class ranks, and the people found order preferable to disarray. Batista could no longer legitimize his regime . Failure in the elections of 1954 showed the discontent of the people, and failure in communications with the United States illustrated its discontent. Finally, opposing forces confronted Batista's power: there were street protests, confrontations with the police, assault, sabotage, and urban violence. This began the revolution in Cuba. America, with its stubborn ideas and misjudgements of character, forced Castro to turn to the Soviets for alliance and aid. When Castro visited the United States in April, 1959, there were different respected individuals holding different views of him and his future actions. Nixon believed Castro to be naive, some others thought him a welcome change from Batista, still others called him an "immature but effective leader, without a well formed view of how to lead a revolutionary movement and not overly concerned with abstract of philosophical matters" (p. 55). Why, then, did the United States impress nit-picky ideals like "there should not be communists in the Army or in labor", or "Cuba's approach to the Batista trials is totally unacceptable, too casual, too nonchalant" on this "forming" leader? Castro was like an inexperienced murderer with a gun in his hand: any rustle in the background could set off his nervous trigger finger causing death, destruction, and liaisons with the U.S.S.R. When America expressed dislike of the trial procedures Castro was holding, of course he (Castro) would try to prove he was able to run his country by himself and snub the U.S. ambassador. The United States had so much invested in Cuba that it was stupid to think that Cuba could not retaliate when the U.S. cut off sugar imports. America was just too sure of itself thinking it could get away with criticism and acts like that when an "immature" leader was in control. Cuba was not totally dependant on the United States and proved itself so. If Cuba could not find help and support in America, it sought elsewhere for those who smiled on its actions and ideals. Castro found friends in Russia; the United States made this so. Succeeding and failing have alot to do with judgement. For the United States, the revolution was a failure because the result was a communist nation in the Carribean. For the revolutionarie s in Cuba, the revolution accomplished many of their goals: capitalism was abolished and socialism installed eroding class distinctions and eliminating private property, the working conditions improved, women's rights improved, labor unions were recogniz ed, the military became more modern and advanced, political order was restored, the status of the country improved from dependant to independant, and many more. For the people of Cuba, therefore, the revolution can be viewed as a success (if communism ca n be seen as acceptable), but for America, the result was a failure. Latin America is one of the poorest and underdeveloped sections of the world. Because of this fact, it is difficult for its nations to compete and thrive in the world market with modern nations as they struggle to industrialize and improve their status. Capitalism, as a basis for an economy, means that each man has to struggle to make a living, that each man may fail and starve, and that each man may get a lucky break and thrive. We saw this struggle of the lower classes American Involvement In The Cuban Revolution Essays - American Involvement in the Cuban Revolution The revolution in Cuba was not a result of economic deprivation, nor because of high expectations in the economy, it was the political factors and expectations which evoked the civilians to revolt. The Cuban economy was moving forward at the time before the rebellion but the dominant influence of the sugar industry made the economy "assymetrical" and encouraged no "dynamic industrial sector". Because of the dependance on sugar, the unemployment rate ranged between 16 and 20% rising and falling with sugar prices, ebbing and flowing as the season changed. The rural wage levels were incredibly unsteady and unpredictable; the standard of living was low. Dependance on the sugar industry did not retard the economy of Cuba, just the wages of its workers. It was the leaders of the nation who reaped profit from this dependance, and it was the leaders of the nation who insisted on keeping the nation the way it was. By the mid 1950's, however, the middle class had expanded to 33% of the population. Democracy, as we know it, broke down: the large middle class did not assert democratic leadership, there was no social militancy in the working class ranks, and the people found order preferable to disarray. Batista could no longer legitimize his regime . Failure in the elections of 1954 showed the discontent of the people, and failure in communications with the United States illustrated its discontent. Finally, opposing forces confronted Batista's power: there were street protests, confrontations with the police, assault, sabotage, and urban violence. This began the revolution in Cuba. America, with its stubborn ideas and misjudgements of character, forced Castro to turn to the Soviets for alliance and aid. When Castro visited the United States in April, 1959, there were different respected individuals holding different views of him and his future actions. Nixon believed Castro to be naive, some others thought him a welcome change from Batista, still others called him an "immature but effective leader, without a well formed view of how to lead a revolutionary movement and not overly concerned with abstract of philosophical matters" (p. 55). Why, then, did the United States impress nit-picky ideals like "there should not be communists in the Army or in labor", or "Cuba's approach to the Batista trials is totally unacceptable, too casual, too nonchalant" on this "forming" leader? Castro was like an inexperienced murderer with a gun in his hand: any rustle in the background could set off his nervous trigger finger causing death, destruction, and liaisons with the U.S.S.R. When America expressed dislike of the trial procedures Castro was holding, of course he (Castro) would try to prove he was able to run his country by himself and snub the U.S. ambassador. The United States had so much invested in Cuba that it was stupid to think that Cuba could not retaliate when the U.S. cut off sugar imports. America was just too sure of itself thinking it could get away with criticism and acts like that when an "immature" leader was in control. Cuba was not totally dependant on the United States and proved itself so. If Cuba could not find help and support in America, it sought elsewhere for those who smiled on its actions and ideals. Castro found friends in Russia; the United States made this so. Succeeding and failing have alot to do with judgement. For the United States, the revolution was a failure because the result was a communist nation in the Carribean. For the revolutionarie s in Cuba, the revolution accomplished many of their goals: capitalism was abolished and socialism installed eroding class distinctions and eliminating private property, the working conditions improved, women's rights improved, labor unions were recogniz ed, the military became more modern and advanced, political order was restored, the status of the country improved from dependant to independant, and many more. For the people of Cuba, therefore, the revolution can be viewed as a success (if communism ca n be seen as acceptable), but for America, the result was a failure. Latin America is one of the poorest and underdeveloped sections of the world. Because of this fact, it is difficult for its nations to compete and thrive in the world market with modern nations as they struggle to industrialize and improve their status. Capitalism, as a basis for an economy, means that each man has to struggle to make a living, that each man may fail and starve, and that each man may get a lucky break and thrive. We saw this struggle of the lower classes

Morality of Zoos Essays

Morality of Zoos Essays Morality of Zoos Paper Morality of Zoos Paper Almost each and every one of us has grown up with fond childhood memories of visiting the local zoo amongst family and friends. After all, where else can one see animals from all over the world in one place? In the midst of all the fun and enjoyment we have all experienced from zoos, we have failed to take into account the life of the things that we are so excited about seeing there – the animals. Each and every day, the animals enclosed in zoos for human entertainment are exposed to abuse, cruelty, and most importantly stress due to an unnatural living environment, creating a collection of unhappy animals. In this essay, I will also explore other examples of zoos in which animals are used for paid human entertainment such as circuses and aqua parks, where creatures like dolphins are dumped into a small glass pool and forced to perform tricks for merely human satisfaction. This essay will also explore acceptable forms of animal zoos; ones that are used solely for the purpose of breeding and conserving highly endangered species. While it is true that zoos can sometimes be beneficial, and used to aid animals in conservation and breeding, the sad reality is that zoos confine wild animals into tiny, artificial habitats and expose them to great amounts of stress, cruelty and abuse for the purpose of profit and human entertainment. For this reason, modern zoos are immoral and should only be allowed to exist if they are large-scale conservation centers used to aid in the preservation of endangered species. Zoos have become a very hot topic of controversy in today’s world. It is common knowledge that zoos are not the natural habitats of animals. Animals around the world are held captive and kidnapped from their natural life for the duration of their lives solely for the purpose of our viewing pleasure. Zoos can be defined as â€Å"public parks, which display animals, primarily for the purposes of recreation or education,† (Jamieson, Dale). The first modern American zoos were created in Philadelphia and Cincinnati in the 1870s. Today in the United States, there are hundreds of zoos that are visited by millions of people every year. Jamieson, Dale). â€Å"Iron-barred concrete-floored cages† and animals behind bars (Millar, Royce, and Cameron Houston) is a typical sight at many popular zoos. They vary from â€Å"roadside menageries run by hucksters, to elaborate zoological parks staffed by trained scientists† (Jamieson, Dale). Other popular forms of zoos are aqua parks and circuses. Aqua parks such as the Sea World amusement park in F lorida (Singer, Peter) are home to many animals such as whales and dolphins, which are held in captivity and forced to perform tricks and shows for public entertainment. Animals in captivity are forced to abandon all their natural characteristics and instincts. â€Å"It is possible to visit zoos and see bored animals pacing back and forth in cages, with nothing to do but wait for the next meal† (Singer, Peter). Regular meal times means that they no longer have the need to hunt for survival. While this may sound like a good thing, there are a few things to take into account. The first is that the zoo animals, all of which are born natural hunters, will no longer be able to survive and fend for themselves if they are released back into the wild (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). The second is the degree of confinement which zoo animals are forced to live under in their small cages and aquariums. To take this idea into perspective, imagine the world’s fastest animal, the cheetah. When it is crammed in a cage, which no matter how large can never compare to the vast size of the wilderness, the cheetah is unable to run at the fast speeds that make it unique. In the long run, confinement will cause the cheetah’s natural running skills to wear away (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). The same principle can be applied to sea animals confined in aqua parks. No tank, no matter how large can come close to meeting the needs of animals who spend their lives in social groups swimming long distances in the ocean† (Singer, Peter). Taking animals out of their natural habitats, transporting them great distances and keeping them in alienated environments in which their liberty is restricted are examples of how animals taken from the wild and confined in zoos are deprived of many things like gathering their own food, developing their own social orders and behaving in ways natural to them (Jamieson, Dale). Studies have shown that the artificial environment of zoos can create intrinsic animal welfare problems such as self-mutilation, feeding disorders, stereotypical behavior like pacing, neck twisting and rocking, reproductive disorders and physiological disorders (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). A lot of the time, it is typical for an animal to experience these without the public noticing. An example of an animal exhibiting this behavior was a polar bear in the Dublin zoo that howed signs of stress and boredom. Locked in a small cage, the polar bear had nothing to do all day but walk from one side of the enclosure to the other, also known as pacing. Eventually, the animal was moved to a much larger home in the Czech Republic (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). This is evidence that while we may think pacing is a normal behaviour for animals in zoos, the truth is that we don’t know any better and what we think is customary is actually very stressful and harmful to the zoo animals. Contrary to popular belief that zoos are very friendly environments, many people don’t know that â€Å"since 1990, 42 people have been killed and 100 others injured by elephants worldwide† (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). A recent article by philosopher Peter Singer in The Guardian provides a clear example of the stress animals are put through. An orca whale named Tilly; acting out of anger of being held captive in a sterile concrete tank at Florida’s SeaWorld grabbed a trainer, pulled her underwater and killed her. Tilly had also been previously involved in two other human deaths at SeaWorld. In addition, one of Tilly’s offspring, which was sold to an amusement park in Spain, also killed a trainer. There have also been many other instances of orcas involved in deaths (Singer, Peter). â€Å"We will never know exactly what was going on in Tilly’s mind, but we do know that he has been in captivity since he was about two years old – he was captured of the east coast of Iceland in 1983. Orcas are social mammals, and he would have been living with his mother and other relatives in a pod. It is reasonable to suppose that the sudden separation was traumatic for Tilly† (Singer, Peter). It has been argued that circuses, especially those on the road, are even worse places for animals. Their living conditions are said to be â€Å"deplorable† (Singer, Peter), particularly in travelling circuses where animal cages have to be extremely small in order to be able to go on the road. Furthermore, circuses have been known to be brutal because â€Å"training animals to perform tricks often involves starvation and cruelty. Undercover investigations have repeatedly shown animals being beaten and given electric shocks† (Singer, Peter). Countries such as Austria, Costa Rica, Denmark, Israel, India and Sweden have banned or severely restricted the use of wild animals in circuses (Singer, Peter). The conditions animals are exposed to in circus environments clearly lead to the intrinsic welfare problems described earlier. An example of this was seen in Brazil, where â€Å"a movement to ban wild animals from circuses stared after hungry lions managed to grab and devour a small boy† (Singer, Peter). The most common benefits of zoos are amusement, education, and the preservation of species. Amusement was certainly an important reason for the establishment of the early zoos, and it remains an important function of contemporary zoos as well† (Jamieson, Dale). The fact remains that most people visit zoos in order to be entertained. Unfortunately, zoos must provide amusement to the public in order to stay profitable. Even though entertaining the public is viewed as a very important function of zoos, it cannot be justified as a reason to keep wild animals imprisoned and held in captivity. The second reason for having zoos is education. The idea that education is a big part of having zoos is â€Å"part of the commercial entertainment industry† (Singer, Peter). â€Å"The most important lesson they teach impressionable young minds is that it is acceptable to keep animals in captivity for human amusement† (Singer, Peter). This is the exact opposite of the attitudes we should be embedding in the young minds of children. Of course some learning takes place in zoos. However, the very lessons being learned about the physical and mental states of animals being held captive are certainly not beneficial, and should not require animals to be held captive. Furthermore, similar educational experiences can be achieved through films and lectures. Documentaries such as The Life of Animals and The Blue Planet are known to be very educational and can in fact provide a better understanding of animals in their true, natural habitats. Observing animals in their natural surroundings will also allow for a better understanding of survival tactics, hunting, and the food chain, all of which are abandoned as soon as a wild animal is brought into a zoo. The final reason for having zoos is that they preserve soon-to-be extinct species, and put breeding programs in place to re-populate the species. There are several problems associated with zoo breeding programs. As previously mentioned, captive animals have very different traits than the ones of surviving animals in the wild. The lack of genetic diversity among the captive animals can create an enormous problem in breeding; more particularly it conflicts with Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest. Perhaps the biggest problem with zoo breeding programs is that they created unwanted animals. In certain species, only a few males can service an entire herd of animals in reproduction. All the extra males are unnecessary to zoos and become a financial burden (Jamieson, Dale). â€Å"Some of these animals are sold and wind up in the hands of individuals and institutions which lack proper facilities† (Jamieson, Dale). Others end up shot and killed by hunters and poachers in private camps. â€Å"Ninety-five percent of animals that are kept in zoos aren’t endangered† (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). With preservation of soon-to-be extinct species also comes the debate whether it really is better for animals to live in the artificial environments that we create for them, as opposed to becoming extinct. Is it really better to confine a few hapless Mountain Gorillas in a zoo than to permit the species to become extinct? † (Jamieson, Dale). The answer to this question may be obvious to many, however, in doing this, are we not using the animals as â€Å"vehicles for their genes†? (Jamieson, Dale). In preserving extinct species, we are e ssentially creating a new species that can only survive in artificial zoo habitats. Even if the above-mentioned problems were non-existent, the current system of zoos does not provide a suitable environment for the preservation of endangered species. The reason for this is that of the little breeding programs that zoos offer, they only breed animals that are not endangered. â€Å"Many of the major breeding programs are run in special facilities which have been established for that purpose. They are often located in remote places, far from the attention of zoo-goers† (Jamieson, Dale). For example, the Bronx Zoo operates its Rare Animal Survival Centre far away on St. Catherine’s Island off the coast of Georgia. In conclusion, taking animals out of the wild and placing them in captivity in zoos affects their welfare and causes the animals unnecessary stress and anger. This disruption of their natural lifestyle has caused many animals to fatally injure or kill humans in an attempt to release some of the anger caused by their confinement in small, artificial habitats. Even though it is true that zoos provide amusement and entertainment, education, even though animals are not in their natural environment and learning may be distorted, and small-scale preservation, the above-mentioned reasons for having a zoo do not outweigh the detrimental affects captivity has on a wild animal. Under no circumstance should the amusement and entertainment of humans be a eason to put animals through stress and deprive them of their natural skills and environment. Even though some may believe that soon are beneficial for education, they are overlooking the fact that animals held captive in zoos are not in their natural habitats; therefore they do not behave as they normally would in the wild, making learning biased. Finally, even though it is a controversial topic, I b elieve preservation should be the only reason to keep animals captive. However, this cannot be done in the zoos we have established today. Preservation of endangered species can only be done in large-scale off-shore reserves, which are far away from the public and allow the animals to roam more freely and practice their natural skills. Animal Cruelty Zoos. Vegan Peace. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. veganpeace. com/animal_cruelty/zoos. htm. BBC Ethics Animal Ethics: Animals for Entertainment. BBC. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. bbc. co. uk/ethics/animals/using/entertainment_1. shtml. Birth, Accident Of. Mortality as Morality. Microkhan by Brendan I. Koerner. 14 Aug. 2009. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. lt; microkhan. com/2009/08/14/mortality-as-morality/. Jamieson, Dale. Against Zoos. The Animal Rights Library. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. animal-rights-library. com/texts-m/jamieson01. htm. Kuehn, Bridget M. Is It Ethical to Keep Animals in Zoos? December 1, 2002. American Veterinary Medical Association. 1 Dec. 2002. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. avma. org/onlnews/javma/dec02/021201d. asp. Millar, Royce, and Cameron Houston. Animal Rights and Wrongs In Depth T heage. com. au. The Age Business, World Breaking News | Melbourne, Australia. The Age, 19 Jan. 008. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. theage. com. au/news/in-depth/animal-rights-and-wrongs/2008/01/18/1200620207184. html? page=fullpage. Singer, Peter. Let Wild Animals Be Wild | Peter Singer | Comment Is Free | Guardian. co. uk. Latest News, Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian. 8 Mar. 2010. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2010/mar/08/wild-animals-captivity-seaworld-orca. Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation? The Whyville Times. 4 July 2003. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. http://j. whyville. net/smmk/whytimes/article? id=2941.

Strategic management of human resources management Essay

Strategic management of human resources management - Essay Example This type of relationship exist between co-workers, and between workers and supervisors, they help employees to listen to others, understanding of acceptance, team building, understanding of workers life issues, avoiding discrimination and in conflict resolution. Employment partnership-it can be defined as the way partnership is developed in the work place and this type of partnership has been seen to help an organisation to be more productive. It involves building strong bonds of relationship in an organisation. Employment partnership is a way forward in integrating employees, such relationships play a major role in environmental scanning, and this can be viewed as the identifying and analyzing external opportunities and threats that may be crucial to the company's success. This partnership is beneficial to the worker and the organization, workers have different needs and therefore their benefits and job security are major determinants of their performance. Consultation of workers is also a major determinant of performance; the employees should be briefed and involved in decision making of an organization. Workers should be allowed to raise their views and opinions in decision making. Communication with employees should include discussion on the overall progress, agreeing on potential progress, discussing how current performance is in line with the long term goals and planning on actions to be undertaken to improve the organization current state. HOW EMPLOYEE.PARTNERSHIP FIT WITH SHRM The main goal of forming these relationships in an organization is to improve on productivity and efficiency of the organization. This will help in reviewing on the overall progress, an organization that creates an environment based on understanding; better communication and honesty will be successful. The company is in a position to resolve conflicts that result and therefore this does not affect its performance. The relationships that exist helps achieve goals because they help match personal needs with work life. This type of relationships help build trust in the work place, training is the most useful tool in forming this type of partnership because attitude change is difficult and therefore t

Strategic Planning in Spokane Washington Case Study

Strategic Planning in Spokane Washington - Case Study Example The purpose of these regular meetings was to brainstorm rather than implement any long-term solutions. Chief Manga figured that the organization’s leaders are in a better position to suggest changes rather that through the central police department. The group was turned into a Strategic Planning Committee that could communicate between the different actors in the SPD. Chief Manga was trying to instill a corporate culture that was based on mutual trust and understanding rather than fear. An added benefit of this was that committee members felt confident enough to share any concerns because there was no chance of any repercussions. Instead of taking the lead role, Chief Manga acted more as a sounding board to let committee members bounce ideas off him. When determining the department’s values, Chief Manga allowed everyone one in the department to contribute towards it. Whenever a set of department values are created, it is always best to include everyone in the decision-m aking process because they will be the ones to carry out those values on a daily basis. In the same way, the vision statement also provided a path for the SPD to follow and allow the department to take ownership of it. Chief Manga also encouraged innovation on all levels because it would help to improve the efficiency of the department. The Strategic Planning Committee helped to form community policing into defined responsibilities that would improve all tasks throughout the department. A result of this was that the department should be working more closely with those in the community. Chief Manga also knew the importance of originality, so he gave authority to individuals who demonstrated innovation by allowing them the freedom to design new programs. This was not restricted by rank and was inclusive of everyone working in the department. In conclusion, Chief Manga adopted an

American industry during the era from the late 19th century to the Essay

American industry during the era from the late 19th century to the 1930s - Essay Example The prime purpose of the paper is to present and discuss about the influence of managers and workers towards controlling of wage structure and application of newly used methods other than strike. The history of labour in United States is determined as the history of working people and organized labour. The umbrella labour federations of organized unions consist of citywide federations and AFL-CIO have merged, evolved, split, participate and fought against the periodic federal government interference and changing priorities. In 1894, Samuel Gompers was elected as AFL-CIO leader. At the time of emergence of mechanization, it has become pivotal to replace machines from highly skilled craftspeople. At the time of late 19th century to early part of 20th century, most of the Americans left small towns and farms to work in factories which was effectively categorized by steep hierarchy and organized by mass production. The effect of industrialization has been enormous on working people and result of the alteration of worker lead to the increase in the competition of jobs, loss of the bargaining power and lack of personality on relationships between employer-employee in any new organization1. Unskilled labours were paid less. Moreover, the working condition was often dangerous and unhealthy. The increase of industrialization and rapid upsurge of economic growth meant that percentage of wages growth from 1860 to 1890 in United States was around 60%2. The wage structures for American skilled workers are much higher than that of other countries in Europe. Under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, the Federation of Organized Labour and Trade Unions came in to existence. It has been estimated that between year 1881 and 1905, more than 37,000 strikes were organized by the labour unions. The influence of managers and workers has been supreme towards the formation of strikes. The main goal for occurrence of routine events of

The Struggle Between Presidential And Congressional Powers

The Struggle Between Presidential And Congressional Powers The process of passing legislation in the United States starts at with Congress and has to ultimately be approved by the president unless bypassed by with a two-thirds veto. The ability of an administration to pass or prevent legislation is one of the things that form the basis for an evaluation of a terms efficiency. However, what must be considered when evaluating a presidents efficiency is the ability to influence Congress, the makeup of Congress itself, and the issue at hand. Another responsibility that both Congress and the Presidency both share is the making of foreign policy. A president dealing with having to pass legislation and dealing with war demonstrates how a president deals with a pressurized situation. These aspects of the government and the ongoing conflicts that occurred will be analyzed in this paper. Analyzing the influence that the president has over Congress gives more information on how the president has to push past the limitations of his office in order to push a political agenda. The role of presidency and Congress regarding to the making of foreign policy illustrates whether the President or Congress truly has authority to act during times of conflict. Gaining a better understanding of these issues gives insight into which office better contemplates the long term welfare of our country, which has more understanding of the power of the U.S. military, and the statement it sends around the world when the military engages in conflict. I was personally interested in this topic because of my own interest and lack of understanding of foreign policy procedure. This research project provided me with an opportunity to understand the authority and the history in foreign policy making. In this paper, I hope to gain the knowledge I desire in this topic to ensure issues of war or foreign policy will be much clearer to me in the next presidential election. Literature Review Separation of Powers: According to American Government: Power and Purpose, the colonies needed to create a government in opposition to the tyrannical rule of King George after declaring their independence. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were the first written American Constitution as well as the weakest. Under the Articles of Confederation, there was no executive branch or judicial branch and Congress was the entire basis for central government. Congress at this time was given the power to declare war, make peace, treaties, alliances, and appoint the senior officers of the U.S Army, but the execution of those powers were diminished by the fact that the appointed army officers had no army they were in direct command of because the military was made up of state militias. With each state being in charge of their territory, this made the process of collective action that much harder (Lowi, 2002). To strengthen the central government, and in turn strengthen the United States, the delegates met to initially reform the Articles of Confederation, but this would latter convene in Philadelphia in May 1787 to create a more efficient and effective government. The convention eventually led to the creation of the current U.S. constitution. Under this U.S Constitution, the government would utilize a constitutional principle known as the separation of powers to divide the government into three branches in an effort to ensure that the new government wouldnt infringe the rights of the people, The judicial branch was created to guard against infringement of the rights of the people, legislative to make the laws that the people abide by, and the executive branch was created to counter the impasse formed by the other constitutional principles used to prevent excessive democracy (Lowi, 2002) Unlike the Congress under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was made up of two chambers; the House of Representatives to be directly responsible for the people and the Senate to check the House and make it easier for the House not to completely conform to popular preferences (Lowi, 2002). Article I Section 8 of the U.S Constitution list the expressed powers of Congress, such as declaring war and maintaining military services (Lowi, 2002). Article II of the U.S Constitution states that the Executive Branchs power resides in the president. It also states that the president is indirectly elected, and how he is the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S Army and Navy (Lowi, 2002). The separation of powers was established to ensure that three branches would be equal, but the struggle is most apparent between Congress and the Presidency (Lowi, 2002). Out of all the powers the president has, his job as Commander-in-Chief of the U.S Armed Services is one of the most important, yet the president is not solely responsible for the military in times of conflict. This power of military authority is a similar power to that of Congress to maintain military services and to declare war. It is these military powers that cause foreign policy to fluctuate and impacts how the executive branch influences congress to get their way. Presidents Influence On Congress A common misconception with the relationship between Congress and the Executive branch is that the president and Congress deal with each other directly on a constant basis, when in actuality, the president getting personally involved only occurs as a last resort (Collier, 1997). The center of Congress and President relations in the White House is the White House Office of Legislative Affairs whose role is to send administration lobbyist to Congress to gain information about legislation, persuading the reluctant, and to relay the information theyve gathered back to the executive branch (Collier, 1997). The role of the executive office in regards to Congressional influence is demonstrated by both the George H.W. Bush and Clinton Administration. As a former congressman, President George H.W. Bush understood the need for working with Congress to pass legislation and choose a staff with good congressional experience and welcomed members of Congress like friends and family. Bush said that he planned to Reagans legislative strategy, but lacked in that regard because of his friendliness towards them (Collier, 1997). He was often criticized for not going over the heads of his friends and by the end of his administration Bush was frustrating to both parties because of his interest in foreign policy which wasnt shared by the people or lawmakers. He lacked both a strong domestic agenda and the Republican majority, yet he still chooses to focus on foreign policy (Collier, 1997). This would ultimately drive home the point of his lack of connection to the public and caused both the lost of public respect and his lack of respect of authority by Congress. Rather than being authoritative, Bush relied merely on the friendships he establishe d versus his position as president. President Bushs biggest foreign policy dilemma stemmed from the Persian Gulf War which compelled Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait (Peterson, 1994) which would ultimately lead to a victory. President Bill Clinton was willing to associate with Congress, but after personally rallying bargaining for votes on his stimulus package, he had to learn how to not get too involved so as to nor appear desperate. The presidents communications skills in his 1996 state of the Union Address allowed him to convey his position and place the Republican congressman at a disadvantage (Collier, 1997). As the Republicans tried to implement their own plan to fix the economy, they underestimated Clinton and ultimately made it easier for him to implement his version of the plan to fix the economy. Regarding foreign policy, Clinton had to deal with the interest group campaign against the ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which Congress disagreed with until the President implemented clauses that would protect American Jobs. Another foreign policy issue that would not be further evaluated until the terrorist attacks on September 11 was the threat of terrorism Osama Bin Laden that Clinton faced during his administration. During August 7, 1998, Bin Ladens forces struck the United States embassies in Kenya and Tanzania; this would cause Clinton to respond with seventy nine missile strikes on Bin Ladens outposts. Clinton would also send a letter to Congress stating that his actions were justified by his authority in U.S. foreign relations and as the Commander-in-Chief (Hendrickson, 2002). Rather than simply ignoring Congress altogether, he started to pull them into the decision making process more which ultimately helped him to not only gain support from the majority of Congressman, but cause Newt Gingrich to help garner support through his Republican allies. It was President Clintons decision to include Congress in the decision making that gained the trust of Congress, who in turn allowed President Clinton some leeway in making military decisions (Hendrickson, 2002). After the terrorist attacks of September 11, President George W. Bush declared war on terror and was regarded as an American response when compared to the European perception that the attacks were matters of law enforcement (Ball, 2007). This assertion in the war on terror served to prove what both Bush and Dick Cheney believed; the powers of the U.S. President are limitless in the war on terror. This would also be reinforced by Congress passing a joint resolution drafted by the White House which allowed Bush to battle any nation, organization, or person he determined to have been involved in 9/11. This would also lead Congress passing the Iraq Joint Resolution which falsely claimed that Iraq was involved in 9/11 and that they were in possession of weapons of mass destruction (Ball, 2007). Foreign Policy Powers The foreign Policy Powers of the United States stem from the U.S. Constitution. Although the president is the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S military, the Constitution was set up to prevent the president from being the sole authority on U.S foreign policy issues (Peterson, 1994). The president only has the exclusive power to receive ambassadors, execute the laws that Congress passes, and to grant pardons (Lowi, 2002). The title of Commander-in-Chief doesnt actually grant any specific powers. The expressed powers of foreign policy that lie with Congress are the authority to raise an army, prepare for the common defense, and to declare war. Aside from the control already established, Congress has the ability to hinder the presidents power by their control over the budget which is referred to as the power of the purse. One of the things included in the budget is the military funding; meaning the president needs both the approval of Congress to go to war and the proper budget to go to war (Lowi, 2002). Even though it would appear that most if the control in foreign policy making is given to Congress, Congress rarely exercises these powers. The norm seems to be for Congress to just conform to the demands of the President. This is especially apparent when examining the legislation that was passed under the George W. Bush Administration. The President also has its ways of circumventing Congress in terms of foreign policy by executive agreements. Of the two chambers of Congress, The Senate has the authority of forming treaties and alliances and if the President wishes to implement a treaty he must have it approved by Senate with a two-thirds majority vote, but executive agreements allow the president to make an agreement with another country that has the same effectiveness as a treaty, but doesnt need the Senates approval. Statement of Research There are multitudes of ways in which Congress and the Executive branch can override each other and are forced to compromise. Making foreign policy is the issue that theses two branches seem to struggle with the most. The powers they have give them the potential to outrank each other in that regard. The president is the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. and because of the broadness of this title, has no expressed powers he is bound to. Congress has the expressed power and the authority to raise an army, prepare for the common defense, and to declare war. In times of crisis such as 9/11 and the Iraq war, the power of the U.S President tends to increase as Congress conforms to the Presidents agenda in an effort to make a stance for the country. This time of unity between the two branches of government appears to be at its best when regarding the war on terror. The inquiry addresses the following: How has the evolution of presidential influence correlated to the making of foreign policy during the Bush-Clinton Era? How has the war on terror correlated to the foreign policy power balance between the Presidency and Congress? These two questions are significant because they address the issues of divided government and the making of foreign policy. These two elements of our government are the most crucial aspects that can either encourage or strain relations between the White House and Capitol Hill. The two questions not only provide insight into the foreign policy, but an analysis of the events that led up to the Iraq invasion and the war on terror. Research Findings Inquiry Question #1 The making of foreign policy is one of the main subjects in which Capitol Hill and the White House struggle to reach middle ground. As presidential administrations have passed, the executive branchs influence seems to fluctuate depending on the type of president and the different political parties that the president is a part of and whether or not Congress is of the same party. This fact leads back to the question of how the evolution of presidential influence correlated to the making of foreign policy during the Bush-Clinton Era. In order to find out how the evolution of presidential influence correlated to the making of foreign policy during the Bush-Clinton Era, the answer must come from an analysis of the three presidencies in question; George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. President George H.W. Bush, who could have directly launched an attack on Iraq to deal with the Iraq invasion of Kuwait, went to Congress for authorization to use military force against Iraq (Tushnet, 2005). This political behavior was contrary to the quiet, behind the scenes approach to leading Congress which was ultimately was done not by the President himself, who as a former Congressman was very friendly in Congress, but by the staff (Collier, 1997). The Iraq war that President George W. Bush declared in 2002 stemmed from the basis of the congressional authorization of the Gulf War in 1991 (Peterson, 1994). The Gulf War finds similarities to the military actions of President Clinton in his use of the War Powers Resolution in Somalia Bosnia. The first foreign policy challenge under the Clinton administration came at the hands of the incident that was arising in Somalia with the chaos caused by wide-scale dissatisfaction with the leadership of Siad Barre and the clan violence that was increasing under men like Mohammed Aideed (Hendrickson, 2002). President Clinton and Congress supported Operation Restore Hope to use American forces abroad to restore order to the Somalia which Clinton did with both congressional approval and the U.N.s approval as well. The situation in Haiti came from the oppressive rule of Lt. General Raoul Cedras who came into power by staging a coup against Catholic priest Jean Bertrand Aristide (Hendrickson, 2002). President responded by arguing that the instability that was occurring in Haiti was a direct threat to the national security interest of the U.S. This led to the U.N. authorizing the U.S. to end the dictatorship occurring in Haiti, but was initiated by President Clinton who made an effort to inform congress of the developing situation (Hendrickson, 2002). President George W. Bush faced no greater foreign policy in his administration than he did after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In the face of the attacks by Al-Qaeda, President Bush announced a war on terrorism that sought not only to bring those responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attacks to justice, but demonstrated a very broad government action that would allow Bush to pass and enforce questionable legislation such as the Iraq Joint Resolution and The Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) which gave President Bush the authority to fight anyone he thought was involved in the terrorists attacks of 9/11 (Ball, 2007). After review this information, the only answer that can be concluded is that the presidents influence on Congress has greatly affected the making of foreign policy as well as the tendency of Congress to give power to the president during the Bush-Clinton Era, even when the presidents claims of threats of national security do not pan out, such as the example with the Iraq Joint Resolution which would later be very unnecessary and even a blatant case of mistaken identity regarding those who were involved with the terrorist attacks of 9/11. Whenever there is an issue regarding foreign policy involving military action, the president is given the power to do what he wishes within reason. However, this does not apply when the country has to make a stance on a subject such as terrorism. Inquiry Question #2 Whenever the U.S. has to deal with acts of terrorism that threaten our safety as citizens, the presidents and Congress have been known to work together and pass legislation that at times of peace would take a much longer time to process and contemplate. Legislation like the Iraq Joint Resolution and AUMF would not have been passed in a time of peace. This one incident questions not only what America is willing to do bring terrorist organizations to justice, but how the war on terror correlated to the foreign policy power balance between the Presidency and Congress. This can only be analyzed by an in-depth look in the events that lead to the war on terror, but what was done after the war on terror was declared. The problem with terrorism finds their beginnings in the George W. Bush administration, but the what lead to that were the terrorist attacks of 9/11 which were spearheaded by the leader of Al-Qaeda; Osama Bin Laden. President Clinton dealt with the terrorist attacks of Osama Bin Laden when they struck the embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. President Clinton would then strike Bin Ladens outpost with missiles and would work to gain more intelligence on Bin Ladens actions as well as authorizing the CIA to apprehend and interrogate Bin Laden or to kill him if capture was impossible (Hendrickson, 2002). Congress supported his ideas in all instances in his efforts to stop Bin Laden and was especially supportive of him when he justified his initial actions as the commander-and-chief of the United States, yet still chose to include Congress in their decisions regarding him. Of course at the time, Osama Bin Laden and terrorism in general, was not regarded as one of the central threats to the U.S. (Hendrickson, 2002). President George W. Bush responded to the 9/11 terrorists attacks with the declaration of the War on terror. The broad term would be followed by the AUMF which gave the president free reign to make any attack on anyone he perceived to be connected to the terrorist attacks of 9/11 (Ball, 2007). This idea of terrorist striking at anytime also allowed him to do things that could only be done with court approval like intercepting international calls and emails between people who were allegedly connected to Al-Qaeda, which is unconstitutional without a court order (Ball, 2007). Congress initially agreed to majority of the bills that Bush wanted to sign into law to combat the terrorist threat. However, when this began to conflict with some of the rights of the people, both Congress tried to step in only to be usurped by Vice-President Cheney, who was the 1st president to use his ability to expand theory of presidential authority by saying that Congress cannot limit the power the president has over the military nor can they pass laws that give government officials of the executive branch the power to act independently of the president (Ball, 2007). Upon reviewing the information presented, it can only be concluded that the war on terror has shifted the power of foreign policy to the president. President George W. Bush used the war on terror to not only attack all those who were allegedly involved with 9/11 but to expand it into a war that had nothing to do with the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The same power was also experience by President Clinton when he used his title as commander-and-chief to his advantage and tried his best to eliminate the threat that Osama Bin Laden posed towards the U.S.

Teaching - Every Day Brings Something New :: College Admissions Essays

Teaching - Every Day Brings Something New I started seriously thinking about what I wanted to do with my life, concerning my career, in the 11th grade. From my junior year until my first semester in college, I was certain my purpose in life was to teach. However, people I spoke with, including some family, friends, and even schoolteachers, repeatedly crushed this choice: "Why would you want to be a teacher? Don't you know how much they make? Why would you want to deal with bratty kids all day? Don't you know teaching is one of the most stressful jobs you can have?" Being the naà ¯ve, 17 year old that I was, I listened, and changed my career choice-3 times! I went through 2 years of computer classes to become an administrative assistant, 1 year studying law for paralegalism and 1  ½ years focusing on business management. Throughout those 4 years of unfulfillment, the idea of teaching still lingered in my head. I started asking myself why I decided teaching was not for me. I discovered that even though teaching did ca rry a few negative aspects, they could never come close to the positive. For the past 5 years, I have been coaching the varsity dance team at Woodhaven High School. Although there have definitely been some difficult, stressful situations, I have found the experience very rewarding. The greatest thing about coaching is the satisfaction you feel after a student succeeds in what he or she has set out to accomplish-not only physically, but also mentally. Being a coach is more than just a 9 to 5 job. It's more than staring at a computer for 8-10 hours, not caring about the people around you or your work. This is even more apparent in teaching in a classroom 5 days a week, for as much as 7-9 hours a day. Teaching is adventurous, challenging, and exciting, because every day brings something new. As a teacher, you're not only working for a living, you are acting as a role model to every child around you. A teacher has the chance to change a child's life everyday. The main element of lifelong learning is to never stop learning. One must understand that there's no such thing as a person who knows everything.

The Crucible- Compare and Contrast Reverend Hale and Reverend Parris

Taylor Orr Mrs. Blakley AP English III-3 16 November 2012 Reverend Hale vs Reverend Parris Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible is a compelling look at the witch hunts in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. In the play, Reverend Hale and Reverend Parris play major roles in the town and influence a shrewd of characters. They both have a number of job duties and responsibilities in common. As well as have a variation in personality, attitude, changes in the play and different roles at the end of the play.In the beginning of the play Reverend Parris is struggling with his daughter Betty – which has become â€Å"inert†. When asked if the cause of her behavior is due to witchery with Abigail in the forest, Parris refuses to have it as though it will stain his clean reputation, â€Å"But if you trafficked with spirits in the forest I must know now, for surely my enemies will, and they will ruin me with it. †(1038).Reverend Parris’s personality is too overcome with the thoughts of others, to be a leader of the town he acts more like a puppet , â€Å"I cannot go before the congregation when I know you have not opened with me. †(1038). Proctor says of Parris: â€Å". . . the last meeting I were at you spoke so long on deeds and mortgages I thought it were an auction† (841). Reverend Hale, on the other hand, is more of a strong leader. Hale is more compelled to find the truth and accept it, no matter positive or negative, â€Å"We shall need hard study if it comes to tracking down the Old Boy[Devil]. †

Laurie Halse Anderson - Award Winning Young Adult Author

Laurie Halse Anderson - Award Winning Young Adult Author When Laurie Halse Anderson was Born: October 23, 1961 in Potsdam, New York Her Background: Anderson grew up in Northern New York and from an early age loved to write. She attended Georgetown University and graduated with a degree in languages and linguistics. After graduation she worked several different jobs including cleaning banks and working as a stockbroker. Anderson did some writing as a freelance reporter for newspapers and magazines and worked for the Philadelphia Inquirer. She published her first book in 1996 and has been writing ever since. Anderson is married to Scot Larabee and together they have four children. (Source: Scholastic) Laurie Halse Anderson’s Books: Anderson’s writing career is prolific. She’s written picture books, fiction for young readers, nonfiction for young readers, historical fiction, and young adult books. Here are some of her most well-known books for teens and tweens. Speak (Speak, 2006. ISBN: 9780142407325) Read Speak Review Twisted (Speak, 2008. ISBN: 9780142411841) Fever, 1793 (Simon and Schuster, 2002. ISBN: 9780689848919) Prom (Puffin, 2006. ISBN: 9780142405703) Catalyst (Speak, 2003. ISBN: 9780142400012) Wintergirls (Turtleback, 2010. ISBN: 9780606151955) Chains (Atheneum, 2010. ISBN: 9781416905868) Forge(Atheneum, 2010. ISBN: 9781416961444) For a complete list of all her books, including out of print books, visit the Laurie Halse Andersons  Web site. Awards and Recognition: Anderson’ s award list is long and continues to grow. Besides being a New York Times bestselling author and having her books listed multiple times on the American Library Association’s many teen lists, she has received starred reviews from the Horn Book, Kirkus Reviews, and School Library Journal. Her most prestigious awards are the following: Speak 1999 National Book Award Finalist2000 Printz Honor bookEdgar Allan Poe Award Finalist Chains   2008 National Book Award Finalist2009 Scott O’Dell Award for Historical Fiction   Catalyst  Ã‚     2002 Odyssey Book Award   (Source: Authors 4 Teens Web site) In 2009 Anderson received the American Library Association’s Margaret A. Edwards Award for significant and lasting achievement in young adult literature. The award focused specifically on Anderson’s books Speak, Fever 1793, and Catalyst. Censorship and Banning Controversies: Some of Anderson’s books have been challenged based on their content. The book Speak is listed by the American  Library Association as one of the top 100 books challenged between the years 2000-2009 and has been banned from some middle and high schools for sexuality, situations of suicidal thoughts in teens, and gritty teenage situations.  School Library Journal interviewed Anderson about Speak after a Missouri man tried to get it banned.  According to Anderson, there was a huge outpouring of support with people  posting comments and stories.  Anderson also received several requests for interviews and comments.  (Source: School Library Journal) Anderson takes a strong stance against censorship and discusses the topic along with her books on her Web site. Movie Adaptations: A movie adaption of Speak was made in 2005 starring Kristen Stewart of Twilight fame. The Author Online: Anderson stays in touch with her fans and provides materials for teachers and librarians on her Web site. Laurie Halse Anderson Trivia: Anderson milked cows and worked on a dairy farm to earn money for college.She loves listening to Mozart’s’ Requiem.A motto that Anderson lives by is: When life gets tough, pick up a book and read. (Source: Simon and Schuster Web site)

Origin of the Roman Satire Genre

Origin of the Roman Satire Genre Roman literature began as an imitation of the Greek literary forms, from the epic stories of Greek heroes and tragedy to the poem known as an epigram. It was only in satire that the Romans could claim originality since the Greeks never split satire off into its own genre. Satire, as invented by the Romans, had a tendency from the beginning towards social criticism- some of it quite nasty- which we still associate with satire. But the defining characteristic of Roman satire was that it was a medley, like a modern revue. Menippean Satire The Romans produced two types of satire. Menippean satire was frequently a parody, blending prose and verse. The first use of this was the Syrian Cynic philosopher Menippus of Gadara (fl. 290 B.C.). Varro (116-27 B.C.) brought it into Latin. The Apocolocyntosis (Pumpkinification of Claudius), attributed to Seneca, a parody of the deification of the drooling emperor, is the only extant Menippean satire. We also have large segments of the Epicurean satire/novel, Satyricon, by Petronius. Verse Satire The other and more important type of satire was the verse satire. Satire unqualified by Menippean usually refers to the verse satire. It was written in dactylic hexameter meter, like epics. Its stately meter partly accounts for its relatively high place in the hierarchy of poetry quoted at the beginning. Founder of the Genre of Satire Although there were earlier Latin writers instrumental in developing the genre of satire, the official founder of this Roman genre is Lucilius, of whom we have only fragments. Horace, Persius, and Juvenal followed, leaving us many complete satires about the life, vice, and moral decay they saw around them. Antecedents of Satire Attacking the foolish, a component of ancient or modern satire, is found in Athenian Old Comedy whose sole extant representative is Aristophanes. The Romans borrowed from him and other than extant Greek writers of comedy, Cratinus, and Eupolus, according to Horace. The Latin satirists also borrowed attention-grabbing techniques from Cynic and Skeptic preachers whose extemporaneous sermons, called diatribes, could be embellished with anecdotes, character sketches, fables, obscene jokes, parodies of serious poetry, and other elements also found in Roman satire.