The role of nuclear energy in the field of medicine

Atomic vitality is a kind of vitality which is discharged by a response called as atomic response. There are two primary kinds of atomic responses, one is called parting and the other one is combination: In Fission response it discharges an atomic vitality when a solitary substantial core seperates into two littler ones, making vitality be discharged . The most well-known component used to experience atomic splitting is uranium since uranium has numerous good properties. Uranium cores can be handily part by applying neutrons at them. The parting response is utilized to make heat for creating steam, which is then utilized by a turbine to produce power. yet, in the event that in a combination response a two single cores consolidates together to frame another core which is heavier. This response happens just under extremely hot conditions. Atomic combination is utilized to produce a ton of vitality as light, hear and radiation. This vitality underpins life on our planet and it was the main vitality early humanity utilized. 1) â€Å"What Is Nuclear Energy.† What Is Nuclear Energy. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. <http://whatisnuclearenergy.net/>. 2) â€Å"Nuclear Energy.† ThinkQuest. Prophet Foundation, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. http://library.thinkquest.org/3471/nuclear_energy.html Picture 1: 1) Picture 2: â€Å"Free Energy: Nuclear Fusion in the Quran.† Pakalert Press. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. <http://www.pakalertpress.com/2010/09/24/atomic combination in-the-quran/>. Researchers have found that atomic vitality can be utilized in rewarding different infections, for example, malignancy, coronary illness, endocrine, gastrointestinal and different variations from the norm discovered inside the body. Atomic vitality gives a decent arrangement in rewarding certain infections influencing individuals in today’s world. In the field of Cardiopulmonary. Atomic vitality is utilized in examining and picturing blood stream and furthermore heart work. In rewarding malignant growth maladies, for example, Melanoma and bosom disease, Nuclear vitality can have their lymph mondes found first before doing the medical procedure. It can likewise see if there are respiratory issues and blood stream in lungs. Another major significant utilization of Nuclear vitality is for the treatment of different diseases, for example, Melanoma and bosom malignant growth. Patients having Melanoma and bosom malignant growth can have their lymph hubs discovered first before doing the medical procedure, thyroid disease and tumors that spread to the bones are likewise relieved by utilizing Nuclear vitality. In other indicative utilization of atomic vitality, Nuclear vitality is utilized to assess tumors, joint inflammation, breaks and infenction of bones. Finding the zone where there is a disease, recognizing issues causing gallbladder irritation and seeping into the inside can be dealt with utilizing atomic vitality. It can likewise be utilized to explore mind variations from the norm, for example, loss of memory, seizures and anomalies in blood stream. â€Å"General Nuclear Medicine.† Nuclear Medicine, General. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. <http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=gennuclear>. â€Å"How Is Nuclear Energy Used in Medicine?† Yahoo! Giver Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. <http://voices.yahoo.com/how-atomic vitality utilized medication 5892958.html>. The adequacy of utilizing atomic vitality to understand ailments is exceptionally successful in light of the fact that for eg; if a patient having malignancy experiences medical procedure, before doing the medical procedure specialists need to find the particular territory where the disease are situated to do this X-beam tomography or (CT) examines work by utilizing atomic tracers to emmit gamma beams once the beams are inside the body, uncommon cameras can get the produced gamma beams and show to the photograph of the organ or the part where the malignancy is to the specialist. This encourages the specialists to effectively treat the patient. Another further developed innovation called a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) isused in deciding patients with heart conditions, issues in the cerebrum and disease, first positron-producing radionuclides are infused into the patients body and afterward they incline toward the organ and they start to rapidly rot. They emmit a positron and an electron from within the patients body a two exceptionally particular gamma beams which the PET outputs and structures a picture. The photograph encourages specialists to find where the issue is, this is further developed than CT filters. Looking at strategies like CT outputs and PET sweeps to different techniques like Endoscopic ultrasound and others to figure out where the malignant growth is to techniques like cerebrum filter, the strategy for CT checks are probably going to be progressively hazardous and may hurt the patient in light of the fact that in CT examines they use differentiate specialists which are concoction substances that are presented to the human body when they are running the test. Difference specialists like Iodine is the complexity operator which is the most usually utilized differentiation operator can make hypersensitive responses a few patients which incorporates a rash, a warm sensation or even in a most dire outcome imaginable trouble to inhale regularly. Additionally in CT checks it includes patients to get presented to ionizing radiation which is known to cause disease. This turns into an issue for individuals who need various outputs and furthermore for kids since kids are more touchy to radiation than to grown-ups. So despite the fact that CT sweeps can help specialists to find where the sickness is they aren’t that dependable and can be hurtful also on the off chance that they are not utilized appropriately. â€Å"Symptoms and Diagnosis.† Symptoms and Diagnosis. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. <http://www.braintumor.org/patients-family-companions/about-mind tumors/side effects and-diagnosis.html>. Cioffi, Rebecca. â€Å"How Does Nuclear Medicine Actually Kill Cancer Cells?† EHow. Request Media, 30 Apr. 2009. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. <http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4966096_medicine-really murder disease cells.html>. Social: The utilization of CT outputs to perform filters inside the body for the area of maladies inside the body can be exceptionally valuable and can assist with rewarding the patients. In any case, CT examines are cutting edge gadgets and are over the top expensive which are just accessible in evolved nations, for less fortunate nations like in Africa have no innovation and cash to get CT scanners and need to depend on elective answers for fix their maladies, Which in some cases give incorrect outcomes. Condition: CT scanners need atomic vitality to deliver the picture inside the patient’s body. Atomic vitality is one of the world’s most effective vitality maker and power. This helps the general public without a doubt. However, atomic vitality additionally can cause an extraordinary arrangement measure of harm to the earth. On the off chance that a CT scanner has a gamma beam spill out it can make ozone harming substance outflows rise and mischief nature. Harvests and drinking water presented to gamma beam can cause lung tumor and thyroid malignancy whenever devoured, Animals and marine life will be influenced by it likewise, so individuals who are liable for upkeep of the scanners must keep up the machine well or not there will be an extraordinary result to confront. From making this exposition I came to think about the incredible utilization of atomic force in the field of medication, They can identify malignant growth, tumor and drain inside a person’s body and help specialists in rewarding them. Be that as it may, I likewise discovered that there is an impediment to this innovation since certain individuals have unfavorably susceptible responses from atomic vitality and whenever presented an excessive amount to a person’s body as opposed to rewarding the malady it can cause one, so we should be dependable utilizing this solid vitality.

Exploration of Healthcare and Immigrants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investigation of Healthcare and Immigrants - Essay Example Notwithstanding, statistical data points show that, contrasted with the local conceived, consumptions for immigrants’ wellbeing administrations are considerably less, and their commitment to Medicaid is a lot bigger. Besides, Immigration Reform could improve the circumstance with the deficiency of the clinical work force. Migrants are a vital piece of the American life, society and economy. Right now, our nation is encountering another expansion of movement. In 2005, the remote conceived populace made about 36 million, where 35% were naturalized residents, 33% were archived migrants and 31% were undocumented settlers. Youngsters comprised 16% of the undocumented foreigners, and almost 66% of them are U.S. residents by birth. Desires are that by 2050 around 80 of 120 million of the U.S. populace will be the immediate or roundabout impact of movement (King 2007, p.4). However, contributing to a great extent to the flourishing of the nation, these individuals experience numerous hardships in getting fundamental administrations. Access to human services framework got probably the best issue they face. Thinking back, we may recommend that the difficulty began, for the explanation that human services arrangement of the US uncovered its powerless sides. Publicity assumed its job. It was simpler to mislead people in general than to change the entire social insurance framework. Reported and undocumented workers were accused for the difficulty. Deception brought forth various fantasies. These legends prompted the limitations in enactment concerning immigrants’ access to the medicinal services administration. In 1996 the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was past, setting up that ongoing lawful migrants to the nation were to sit tight five years for the qualification for Medicaid and other open advantages programs. A similar qualification limitations were incorporated into the State Children’s Health Insurance Program, put in power in 1997. Further, another law was established as a feature of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, necessitating that US residents

Eight Men Out The Book Versus the Film - Literature Essay Samples

The book and subsequent film Eight Men Out both portray one of the lowest points in professional sports in American history. Popularly known as the Black Sox Scandal, it involved members of the Chicago White Sox baseball team allegedly taking money from gamblers in exchange for purposely losing the 1919 World Series. The actual events and participants in the scandal have been a source of contention ever since, with supporters of several players pointing to statistics that belie the idea some of them purposely played badly. Both the book and the movie present this story through a vast panorama of characters from three worlds: the baseball world, the newspaper world and the underworld. As a result, neither the book nor the movie contain what is traditionally considered to be a protagonist or hero. Rather, both pieces emphasize the complexity of all the characters, rather than the good or evil of one. By virtue of his medium, an author has more time to evoke resonance and nuance than a filmmaker. Thus, it is hardly surprising that Eliott Asinof succeeds in portraying the scandal with more complexity than John Sayles can in his film. The true story behind what really happened in any actual event is always dependent upon a variety of elements. Since no one involved at any level in this drama can possibly come out looking anything better than unscrupulous or gullible, it should not be at all surprising that any of them might have been unwilling to be completely honest. The statements given by the players to the Grand Jury raised more than questions than answers, and the true story of the gamblers who set the event in motion will forever remain mysterious. That atmosphere of ambiguity and uncertainty is felt throughout the book and, indeed, lends it a sense of greatness. The reader can never be completely certain how deeply involved in the scandal were such players as Buck Weaver and Shoeless Joe Jackson. As movies are made for the satisfaction of a mass audience tha t has less patience with unanswered questions, John Sayles was forced to be less indefinite. The film provides a starker contrast between those players committed to athletic sabotage and those who are assumed to be mere pawns. The difference is not necessarily inspired by art, but economics. The wider the intended audience for a piece, the less likely one is to see nuance and subtlety. Compare, for example, an independent film about a low-budget independent film about a parent/child relationship versus any sitcom. One central similarity between the book and movie is the decision to make pitcher Eddie Cicotte the emotional center. Cicotte, despite being a players for whom there is little doubt he was a willful participant, nevertheless seems to have the best reason of all to do what he did. The book and movie both present Cicotte as the primary recipient of White Sox owner Charlie Comiskeys sensational greed, but also fall short of turning him into a hero. Rather, he was a great pitc her denied a bonus for winning thirty games in a season only because, allegedly, Comiskey ordered him to be benched so he would not have the chance. While both book and movie strive to make Eddie Cicotte sympathetic if not actualy laudable, he is used to different ideological aims in the two media. For Asinoff, Cicottes position is exploited primarily as a figure who is opposition to Charlie Comiskey. In the book, Eddie Cicotte comes across as older and a bit more fragile, an aging pitcher whose arm was the feeling the effects of the thousands of balls he had pitched over the year. Despite the fact that his contributions and loyalty were expressed in a 29-7 record, his bank account did not reflect his part in providing owner Comiskey with a team that many were calling the best. Asinoffs book introduces an element of David versus Goliath with the notable reversal of fortune in having Goliath win. Although elements of a socialist struggle between the owners and laborers exist in the book, for the most part, Asinoff aims for strict historical resonance. Jonathan Sayles, on the other, directly attacks the story to comment on a larger socio-economic perspective. Sayles accentuates the ideological distinctions between ownership and the players and then makes a conscious connection between Comiskey and the gamblers; both are exploiting the baseball players and both will wind up free from any serious penalty. As such, what Sayles seems to argue is that it is the American Dream to want to better yourselfand there is little distinction between doing it legally or illegally. Either way, the disenfranchised laborer will always be the one who pays the price for another mans successful realization of the dream. That Sayles is particularly interested in the social stakes that exist in this story can be exemplified in that it is he himself who appears as the character of writer Ring Lardner and responds to the undeserved praise of owner Charlie Comiskey with If he is such a fan, why doesnt he pay them a living wage? Sayles uses Eddie Cicotte to drive home the essential point that had the White Sox owner only paid his employees what they deserved, they never would have had reason to turn to gamblers. The entire scandal could have been avoided. At issue in the specifics of Cicotte, the larger issues of employee relations in baseball and of social stratification cause the disconnect between the American Dream and reality. Baseball has been considered Americas national pastime, and holds a special place in the symbolism of America. As the first successful big-time professional sport, baseball was seen to democratize ambition; anyone with talent could become successful playing baseball. Yet this may not be the case. It is of particular interest that the scandal came to be known as the Black Sox scandal; the events took place before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier. As a result, there are no black players implicated in the scandal, and obviously no black players involved in either baseball management or the milieu of organized crime. At a time when racism was the norm and Jim Crow laws were in place throughout much of America, perhaps one of the reasons why the scandal was such a shock was that all those implicated were white. The outrage may have been sparked not only because it was assumed that, as males being paid to play a sport, these men would have no economic troubles that would force such an extreme action, but also because the men, as whites, could not possibly be criminals. Black men, however, could easily have been. Thus, it was the democratization of the national pastime that may have taken the biggest hit. The fact that these were all white men who would engage in such a troublesome chain of events points to two prime considerations that most people preferred to overlook about professional sports at the time. Becoming an athlete was not necessarily a choice; like enlisting in the army, it often was borne of econo mic necessity. Most baseball players of the time-as well as now-did not come from well-to-do homes. Rich people rarely pursue a career in athletics. For one reason, becoming an athlete requires dedication, something much harder to achieve when so many distractions are available. But for those whose only distraction is getting enough to eat or getting a part-time job to meet bills, sports become an entry into economic self-determination. This was especially true in the early part of the 20th century. These men had little access to getting good jobs by virtue of birth. In partnership with that is the fact that most of them were not well educated. While players such as Buck Weaver and Eddie Cicotte appear to be far more educated than a backwoods country boy like Joe Jackson, in comparison to the executive staff working for Comiskey, they were little better off than Jackson. Their lack of a formal education may, in fact, have contributed to the gullibility that allowed them to be manipu lated so easily not just by the gamblers but also by Comiskey. After all, the sporting world is primarily a means toward socialization. The initial exposure to organized sports usually occurs at a young age, in a neighborhood environment in which the players share common ethnicities and economic circumstances. This sharing of social factors can work as a driving force toward bonding and as a result it should be surprising that many athletes share common perspectives toward political and social issues. Part of this can be attributed to a lack of education. Eight Men Out is an appropriate title not only because eight of the White Sox players were banned from the game, but because those players are alienated from the rest of society. Whether in the service of the legal chicanery of owner Charles Comiskey or the illegal capitalist endeavors of the gamblers, the players remained on the outside fringes of the system, ready to be exploited at every turnand with no one to turn to when they most needed help.

My Personal Experience At Burger King - 927 Words

My personal experience It was an August in 2011 when my family moved to the United States when I was twelve years old. Coming to this country, not knowing a single word of English is like going to an intensive war without artillery. On our way to Florida, we stopped to eat at burger king. Man! I felt that I was in a fancy restaurant. Back in my town, where they sell cheese burgers, the building was made of brick walls with no cement supporting the bricks and the roof of aluminum. Ordering was simple, writing down what you wanted. On the order hand, in burger king you have to verbally order your food. I can still remember what my mom was trying to say â€Å"Nome-row-Uno† with her hand doing signs. It was a struggle getting our order done. I†¦show more content†¦I never thought I was going to be in Florida. It impacted my life tremendously. I knew I had to learn a different language. My English level was steady. I knew I had to improve my English. I worked on it twice as hard as when I was in Mexico. In school when people talked to me and asked questions, I was afraid to answer back, because I was unsure if I said it wrong or not. I had to overcome it and pronto. Making friends in school was easy, because I guess they are curious where I’m from or wanted to know my name in Spanish. They always wanted me to say a long sentence in Spanish. When people talked to me, I looked at their mouth and paid close attention to what they were saying to me. That way I observed what they just said and use it as an example later on in the future. Through the five years I have been here in Florida, I feel that I have improved my English and lost the fear when I’m talking to teachers or my friends. I compared myself to a funnel that mechanics use to carefully guide the oil into small pipes. I have my mind full of great ideas, but when it’s time to say it, it comes so thin and does not sound that great anymore. I take a long time to put the right words together. â€Å"Being a bilingual student will get you further in life.† as my English teacher said, looking me straight in the eyes. Learning two languages at the same time is confusing. I sometimes say a sentence in Spanglish, I never notice it until they lookShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Steroids On Athleticism916 Words   |  4 Pageswhat I was going to do my project on. My top three choices were: to research the effect of steroids on athleticism, how popular or well known food chains alter the body, and how playing sports impact your physical health later in life. Finally, after weeks of debating my options, the topic I chose to do my personal project on was, â€Å"How Popular or Well-Known Food Chains Alter the Body.† After picking my subject I had to determine which restaurants I was going to do research on. 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On 5 May 2008, the company Burger Fuel Worldwide has announced that it has agreed its first master franchise agreement with Al Khayyat Dubai-based investment group investing LLC. They will set up and operate stores in Dubai, UAE at the end of this year. Dubai is considered as high a profile for Burger Fuel

Familial Connections In Helen Edmundsons The Mill On The...

Familial ties are what has the most influence on a person. In The Mill on the Floss, written by Helen Edmundson, Tom was the most influential person in shaping Maggie because she loved him greatly. Each time she changes herself it is triggered by Tom’s actions and each version of Maggie portrays a different aspect of Tom’s influences. Ultimately, Tom is the reason that Maggie changes herself this can be seen in many of their interactions. From the beginning of the play, it can be seen how much love Maggie holds for Tom. She was always completely affectionate towards, often running up to him and kissing him. In scene four, after Maggie has cut her hair and everyone is laughing at her, the stage directions say, â€Å"Maggie goes to Tom for†¦show more content†¦This is the first time in the play where she begins to speak for herself against Tom, at least at the end of the scene. It first starts out with her a Phillip professing their love for each other then Tom interrupting and demanding Maggie choose between them (Edmundson, 49-51). It is not until â€Å"he seizes her wrist and pulls her† (Edmundson, 51) away from Phillip that Maggie realizes that Tom is a bad influence on her. She realizes how he has never shown her the affection and love that she always willingly gave to him. At this point, she breaks from her submissive self to stand up to Tom. Maggie becomes version that falls in between First and Second Maggie: she is more certain of herself and settled into who she is. He is the one that forces her to change into this new person with renewed views on the world. Even though this Third Maggie has distanced herself from Tom, she still feels indebted to him. She seeks him out to ask permission to see Phillip after all this time. Tom still has power over her with the promise she made years ago that she cannot break. This promise would be the easiest to break without Tom even knowing what is going on because she has distanced herself from him. In this moment, when she has the upper hand of the situation, Maggie still puts herself beneath Tom and submits to his will. She says to him, â€Å"I do love you, so much. I won’t be naughty I promise I won’t. Please be good to me† (Edmundson, 63). Her

Analysis Of The Scream Essay Example For Students

Analysis Of The Scream Essay The Scream was painted in the end of the 19th century, and is possibly the first Expressionist painting. The Scream was very different from the art of the time, when many artists tried to depict objective reality. Munch was a tortured soul, and it certainly showed in this painting. Most of his family had died, and he was often plagued by sickness. The Scream was not a reflection of what was going on at the time, but rather, Munchs own inner hell. It visualizes a desperate aspect of fin-de-siÃÆ'Â ¨cle: anxiety and apocalypse. The percussiveness of the motif shows that it also speaks to our day and age Whaley 75 . When Edvard Much was asked what had inspired him to do this painting, he replied, One evening I was walking along a path, the city on one side of me and the fjord below. I felt tired and ill. I stopped and looked out across the fjord. The sun was setting, the clouds were turning blood red. I felt a scream passing through nature. It seemed to me that I could hear the scream. I painted this picture; painted the clouds as real blood. The colors screamed Preble 52. Some people, when they look at this painting, only see a person screaming. They see the pretty blend of colors, but dont actually realize what they are looking at. A lone emaciated figure halts on a bridge clutching his ears, his eyes and mouth open wide in a scream of anguish. Behind him a couple his two friends are walking together in the opposite direction. Barely discernible in the swirling motion of a red-blood sunset and deep blue-black fjord, are tiny boats at sea, and the suggestion of town buildings Preble 53. This painting was definately the first of its kind, the first Expressionist painting. People say that a picture is worth a thousand words. If thats the case, then The Scream is worth a million. It has a message that no other painting of its time had. Edvard Munch was pouring out his soul onto the canvas. What we see here, is a glimpse of what Munch was really like inside. When we really look at the painting, we understand what the artist was feeling at the time, because it captures nothing but human emotion. It creates a similar mood in us for a brief moment. The man screaming in the picture seems to feel like hes going insane, and that the world is getting to be too much for him. The two people walking away from him possibly mean that the man feels left out of everything, or that he doesnt fit in with the rest of the world. Maybe he needs help, and his friends werent there for him. The piece of artwork speaks better than actual words to describe it, which makes it something spectacular. Long after Munch died, the painting remains, and people are still amazed with it. Why? Because art is all about expressing raw human emotion, and this painting captures it perfectly. People are scared of things they dont understand or cannot relate to. Everyone can relate to what this piece expresses, and that is why its so popular.

Stonehenge1 Essay Example For Students

Stonehenge1 Essay Behind every great structure in the world, there are the people who made them, and who took the time and effort to design them. Those who made Stonehenge succeeded in creating an incredibly complex and mysterious structure that lived on long after its creators were dead. The many aspects of Stonehenge and the processes by which it was built reveal much about the intelligence and sophistication of the civilizations that designed and built the monument, despite the fact that it is difficult to find out who exactly these people were. They have left very little evidence behind with which we could get a better idea of their everyday lives, their culture, their surroundings, and their affairs with other peoples. The technology and wisdom that are inevitably required in constructing such a monument show that these prehistoric peoples had had more expertise than expected. We will write a custom essay on Stonehenge1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The planning and assembling of Stonehenge took a very long time (about one thousand years, from 2800 BC to 1500 BC*), and not one but many different groups of people were involved in the process. How they came about plays an important role in understanding them. Some of the first men to come to England that are connected to the Stonehenge builders came when the ice blocking Britain and France melted around 10,000 BC (Souden, 104). After them, many more groups of people came from the mainland, and had great influence on those already living there. The first group involved in the building of Stonehenge was the Windmill Hill people. These people were semi nomadic farmers, mainly just keeping their flocks of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs, and growing wheat, who had arrived as some of the last Neolithic (or New Stone Age, 4300 2200 BC) newcomers in England. Not only were they farmers they also hunted, mined flint, made and traded axes, and could almost be called industrialists. The Windmill Hill people had a very strong religion with a great respect for their dead and their ancestors. They have exceptional collective graves, in the form of long barrows, or long manmade piles of dirt, sometimes 300 feet long. Many riches such as food, tools, and pottery were buried with the dead (Hawkins, 36). The next group to contribute to Stonehenge was the Beaker people, known for the beaker-like pottery they would frequently bury with their dead. These people did not practice the ritual of collective burials, rather single or double burials, and the dead were accompanied by more weapons such as daggers and axes. These single burials were in the form of round barrows. The Beaker people were well organized, active, and powerful, and also probably more territorial (Hawkins, 36). They practiced commerce with other cultures, and their graves give an impression of there being an aristocracy in the society (Niel, 84). The last major group to put time into the construction of Stonehenge was the Wessex culture group. They arrived on Salisbury plain around 1400 BC, and were involved in building the most prominent part of Stonehenge- the great stone circles (Niel, 86). These people were well organized, and probably less aggressive than their predecessors, while more industrious. The people of Wessex were less concerned with war than they were with art, peace, and trade. In the graves of their chieftains (the only members of society who were preserved for afterlife), were goods such as daggers, bows, and various other ornaments. Their access to such treasures can perhaps be attributed to their great international traders who probably traded with people from the Mediterranean Sea area (Hawkins, 37). They built the final phase of Stonehenge, and perhaps brought about many cultural changes to the monument such as giving the monument visual magnificence and more astronomical precision (Service + Bradbery, 255). It is necessary, in order to understand the complexity involved in the assembling of Stonehenge, to know the process by which and the environment in which the monument was built. By the time Stonehenge was built, the landscape around the area on Salisbury Plain was rather open with more farmland and grazing land, and less forest. Underneath the first few feet of soil on Salisbury Plain there was a substantial layer of hard chalk, which made building rudimentary structures somewhat easier for the people of the era. The first phase in building Stonehenge was that of the earth monument, which consisted of a circular bank of dirt (originally about 6 feet tall, now barely 2 feet tall) with a ditch running along the outside of the bank. There are two breaks in the ditch and bank, forming two entrances, and in addition there are 56 Aubrey Holes, named for John Aubrey, their discoverer, in a circle just inside the earth bank (Souden, 30). This first phase, Stonehenge I, built by the Windmill Hill people, took from about 2950 to 2900 BC to construct. Slightly more detailed than the first, the second phase of building Stonehenge involved the creation of a wooden monument. The postholes scattered about the floor of the monument are evidence for this stage. There seem to have been a roughly corridor shaped structure at the southern entrance of the earth monument, and a more detailed setting around the northeastern entrance (Souden, 32). The Avenue, made up of a pair of long, straight, and parallel ditches , was also said to have been part of this second phase of Stonehenge. Stonehenge II could be credited to the Beaker people, approximately betweens the years 2800 and 2300 BC. .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .postImageUrl , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:hover , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:visited , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:active { border:0!important; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:active , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Multicultural Education EssayThe third and most impressive stage of the monument is that of the stone monument. Since the building of this phase extended from about 2500 to 1600 BC, it was the longest and most complex of the three, and was so divided up into six sub phases. First in the sequence was the arrival of the bluestones (the first, and smaller, type of stone involved in Stonehenge III), and then the arrival of the sarsen stones (the larger, bulkier stones in Stonehenge III), followed by a possible bluestone arrangement, then the stones were erected to their final settings (after a little rearranging), and finally small holes called the X and Y holes were dug aroun d the outside of the stone circles (Souden, 35). The builders of Stonehenge III were the people of the Wessex Culture, most likely in alliance with other peoples. It is understandable, through all of the complexity shown in the monument, that it many long hours to build and much patience and persistence to complete the construction. The bluestones had to be carried 200 to 250 miles from their source in the Prescelly Mountains back to the Stonehenge site. They were probably carried by waterways for most of the route because waterways are safer, quicker, and less difficult. One probably route was that the stones would be dragged to the coast nearest the Prescelly Mountains, then along the coast of the Bristol Channel, and then into the river systems of England, to the Stonehenge Avenue, and then the stones may have been carried up the Avenue toward the monument. (Hawkins, 65). The most simple was to transport the stones over land is by having a crew of men to haul the stones on rollers. Similar transport methods were used for the sarsen stones, however their location was much more close as the source of the sarsen stone was in the Marlborough Do wns, only about 20 miles north of Stonehenge. There was somewhat of a clear land path for these stones to be carried on, so water transport was minimum. But these stones weighed about 30 tons each, and hauling these stones over 20 miles of hills could have easily used a total of 1,000 men and 7 years to be completed (Hawkins, 66). The sarsen stones were put into large holes in the ground, and joined to their lintels by a mortise-and-tenon joint, and the lintels joined to each other (in the outer circle) with a tongue-and-groove joint (Souden, 88). Much organization skills are needed to coordinate such a large number of men to perform the physical labor of constructing such a monument. The effort put into fabricating this monument is incomparable to anything that would be done today. When all of the constructing, refining, and arranging was finished, the resulting structure was extraordinary.There is an outermost circle (still considerably inside the ditch and bank) of 30 of the sarsen stones, each averaging 13 feet 6 inches tall (Niel, 28), and each connected by a lintel stone to each stone on either side. Just inside that circle of sarsens is a circle of bluestones, smaller stones which are usually not too much more than 6 feet tall. Inside of the bluestone circle is the trilithon horseshoe, or a horseshoe-shaped setting of sarsens in trilithons, or two sarsens standing next to each other with one lintel across the top. The open end of the horseshoe faces the northeast. Inside the trilithon horseshoe is a bluestone horseshoe. Inside the bluestone horseshoe, somewhat towards the center, is the altar stone, which might not have been used for that purpose. At the entrance to the monument, the heel stone stands just south of the line that runs down the center of th e avenue, and not far off lies the slaughter stone, laying on the ground in the break of the circular bank. There are four station stones just inside the earth bank- one that points north, one that points to the south, and two that together make a line perpendicular to the axis of the avenue. The faces of all of the sarsen stones were dressed and shaped, and they were mostly given a convex shape to exaggerate the impression of grandeur one gets when looking up at the monuments. Being that there is little evidence for what Stonehenge could have been created, other than the people buried in and what we directly observe about the monument, there have been many hypotheses about its purpose, and many of these hypotheses seem to be appropriate. Among the most accepted of these conjectures is that the stone monument was meant to be a temple, a burial ground, and, seemingly the most apparent of these, a solar/lunar observatory. The main entrance of Stonehenge that has the Avenues opening, towards which the entire stone monument is situated, points directly at the sunrise on the summer solstice. When standing in the center of the monument, on the longest day of the year, one can see the sun rise directly over the heel stone. This seems to force a viewer to notice the sunrise on the longest day of the year. The original four station stones placed around the circle make many alignments to point to rise and set points of the sun and moon on winter and summer solstices. Noteworthy is that the combination of sun and moon solstice rise and set points could only be collectively arranged in a perfect rectangle at the latitude at which Stonehenge is situated. A few miles north or south and the combination would have to be a parallelogram. (Cohen, 8). In addition to the station stone alignments, each trilithon in the center horseshoe corresponds to certain alignments, as there are two sunset trilithons, a sunrise trilithon, and two for lunar alignments. (Hawkins, 109). Not only does this show that the builders and planners of Stonehenge had a great regard for the heavens, but also that they had great knowledge of geometry and science to be able to find exact angle measurements and proportions. .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .postImageUrl , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:hover , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:visited , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:active { border:0!important; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:active , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay about The Success Of President Obama EssayIt can also be seen that the Aubrey Holes could be used as a system of predicting eclipses. The 56 Aubrey Holes correspond to 3 cycles of the moons orbital wobble (The moons orbit wobbles in cycles of 18.66 years) and these could be used to line up with various solar alignments in Stonehenge to predict when the sun and moon would be at the same point in the sky. (White, 194). By a system of moving three markers around the 56 positions of the Aubrey holes, when all three were in the same spot, an eclipse was to occur. (Dimitrikopoulos, file: enigma.cfm). Within places in Stonehenge, such as the Aubrey Holes and the outer ditch , cremation remains of almost hundreds of people were found. This infers that Stonehenge was used as a primary burial site in the Stone and Bronze Ages*. Remarkable is that a great amount of cremations were found on the southeast side of the circle, which is where the moon rises at its most southerly point (Bragard, Ancient Voices). The many cultures of the Neolithic and Bronze ages seemed to have a preoccupation with death and the afterlife, and consequently took great regard to having the dead buried properly. In addition, since it is not possible to give each member of a society a proper burial in such a small area, the people must have had a hierarchical society in which some individuals had precedence over others for a glorious afterlife. As a place of worship, Stonehenge shows much detail and substance. Many of the celestial alignments put focus on things that are greater and more eternal than human beings, and these things could very well be the basis of the religion of the prehistoric cultures in the area. When seen from above, the lintels on the outer sarsen circle form a perfect circle that is impeccably level with the ground. Since this cannot be appreciated by people standing on the ground, it seems as if it is meant to be seen by someone above. (Niel, 33). The fixation with death and the afterlife among the peoples of Salisbury Plain seems to be a religion in itself. Perhaps the sun and moon gods, in being born and dying within their own cycles of rising and setting (and especially the moons cycle of growing dark and then bright again), could aid the soul of the human in being reborn in the afterlife. (Bragard, Ancient Voices). The strategy for showing their gods of their worth was clearly well thought-out and well planned by the builders and peoples of the Stone Age. The complexity and intelligence of the peoples of Stonehenge can also be seen in surrounding monuments created by them and their neighbors. Most of the enclosures and round barrows in the vicinity of Stonehenge were created for burial purposes, with one or two people buried within them, usually accompanied by valuables such as daggers, pottery, and in some cases, gold ornaments (Souden, 44). These treasures often represent high status or high political position, indicating a structured government and system of beliefs that the cultures of Salisbury Plain possessed. Stonehenge represents the evolving and changing society of prehistoric times that gradually changed into a well-developed society with rulers, priests, and a working and farming class, as well as relations with other cultures from far away with which to engage in trade and associate. The idea that men from the Stone Age were unintelligent, ill-mannered barbarians is far from the truth in the case of Stonehenge. The cultures of Windmill Hill, the Beaker people, and Wessex all thoroughly demonstrate organized systems and communities of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Ancient Voices: The Secret of Stonehenge. Dir. Jean-Claude Bragard. Narrator Mark Hammil. Videocassette. BBC/Time Life, 1998. Cohen, I.L. The Secret of Stonehenge. Greenvale, NY: New Research Publications, Inc., 1977. Dimitrakopoulos, Sandra. (2000). Mystic Places: Stonehenge, Online}. Available HTTP: http://exn.ca/mysticplaces/stonehenge.cfm. Hawkins, Gerald S. Stonehenge Decoded. New York: Doubleday, 1965. Mackie, Euan. The Megalith Builders. Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd., 1977. Niel, Fernand. The Mysteries of Stonehenge. New York: Avon Books, 1975. Service, Alastair, and Jean Bradbery. Megaliths and Their Mysteries. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1979. Souden, David. Stonehenge Revealed. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1997. White, John B. Afterword. Stonehenge Decoded. By Gerald S. Hawkins. New York: Doubleday, 1965. 191-197. Bibliography:BIBLIOGRAPHYAncient Voices: The Secret of Stonehenge. Dir. Jean-Claude Bragard. Narrator Mark Hammil. Videocassette. BBC/Time Life, 1998. Cohen, I.L. The Secret of Stonehenge. Greenvale, NY: New Research Publications, Inc., 1977. Dimitrakopoulos, Sandra. (2000). Mystic Places: Stonehenge, Online}. Available HTTP: http://exn.ca/mysticplaces/stonehenge.cfm. Hawkins, Gerald S. Stonehenge Decoded. New York: Doubleday, 1965. Mackie, Euan. The Megalith Builders. Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd., 1977. Niel, Fernand. The Mysteries of Stonehenge. New York: Avon Books, 1975. Service, Alastair, and Jean Bradbery. Megaliths and Their Mysteries. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1979. Souden, David. Stonehenge Revealed. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1997. White, John B. Afterword. Stonehenge Decoded. By Gerald S. Hawkins. New York: Doubleday, 1965. 191-197.